Role of Elders in the Asian Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Elders in the Asian Culture - Essay Example Families, communities, societies, and nations have been promoted by the elderly people during their lives. More importantly, children are educated, cared, and nurtured by the parents and elders in the Asian culture. Therefore, parents deserve comfort, love, and respect throughout their lives from their youngsters and children. In other words, caring and respecting elders and parents is the moral and ethical obligation of children in the Asian region. In this regard, it is the responsibility of elders to take care of their youngsters, love them, and keep guiding them throughout their lives. On the other hand, American or British culture allows the individuals to start making their own decisions in their adolescent age, which is very contrary with the norms and values of the Asian culture. For instance, teachers are often allowed to be strict with the young students in Asian schools, or elders often treat youngsters in a harsh way, which is very different, as compared with the American culture. (Blackkaby, 1998) In brief, role that is played by old people is affected significantly by the cultural differences, as role and respect changes to a higher extent in different cultures. (Huntington, 2000) In East-Asian culture, a notable tradition is specifically practiced in this region, which is referred as filial piety. China, Japan, and Korea are some of the cultures that have the dominated practice of such practice. Care for the elderly is the most imperative and foremost obligation of this tradition. (Lee, 2004) Moreover, elderly people in these cultures play a guiding role to nurture their youngsters in an emotional, as well as, spiritual manner. In the Asian context, parents and elders must provide shelter, care, and assistance to the youngsters in emotional, as well as, financial manner, which is once again, contrary to the Western culture, which obligates

Pidgins and Creoles Essay Example for Free

Pidgins and Creoles Essay Note to the Customer I’m sorry the essay cannot be revised as you say. It was an urgent order, so books could not be found. Moreover, you didn’t say that you wanted a critical analysis of the pidgins and Creoles. Revisions are only possible if the writer fails to follow the original instructions. In your next order please mention that you would like books to be used, and whether the discussion should be descriptive or analytical. Best regards, Pidgins and Creoles A pidgin is defined as a language that has been simplified from at least two different languages.    Referred to as a contact language, a pidgin may be used by those who do not originate in a given geographical area and must therefore develop a common language to be spoken in the area.   All the same, pidgin is used sparingly.   Its structure is rather simplistic.   Seeing that it serves a â€Å"simplistic purpose,† a pidgin dies out rather easily (Pidgins and Creoles, 1997). If people manage to use a pidgin for a long time, however, the contact language is expected to become richer and more complex in terms of vocabulary and structure.   In that case, the pidgin is said to have evolved.   Children may learn the evolved pidgin as their very first language or mother tongue.   If this happens, the pidgin has managed to turn into a Creole.   An example of a Creole is Tok Pisin, a language of Papua New Guinea, which was a pidgin before it turned into a national language (Pidgins and Creoles, 1997). Stafford notes that pidgins and Creoles are mostly used in third world nations because of the dramatic changes in the social and political environment experienced by the communities there.   Moreover, most of the pidgins and Creoles in the developing regions, for example, in South East Asia, are based on languages of Europe.   English, French, and Spanish are very much associated with the pidgins and Creoles of the third world.   This is because Europeans had spent time a great deal of time in the developing world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pidgins are often created for communication between immigrants and natives or missionaries and locals (Stafford).   As the pidgin evolves, the contact language develops its own grammatical rules.   Typically it is the children who must get together to formulate grammatical rules for the pidgin that they have accepted as their first language.   The fact that the Creole is generally formed without the influence of adults reveals that the formulation of grammatical rules and the application of structure to a certain language is innate behavior (Pidgin and Creole).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Insufficient education† is another reason why people of a certain region may have to develop a pidgin, and subsequently a Creole, so as to communicate with a new group of people they have come into contact with (Pidgin and Creole).   It is estimated that between ten to fifteen million people in the world speak languages that are considered creolized.   As an example, Creole based on French is spoken by seven million people in the world. These people may be found in Haiti, the French Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe, Mauritius, Martinique, Guyana, Reunion, Dominica, St. Lucia, and many islands of the Caribbean that have been influenced by the British, in addition to southwestern Louisiana (Mauritian Creole, 2005).   In the case of the pidgins that were created by these people, most probably to communicate with the Europeans they had come into contact with; French was considered the superstrate language.   If there were minority languages that contributed to the creation of a pidgin, the languages were referred to as subtrate languages (Pidgins and Creoles, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of the kinds of languages that were used in the creation of pidgins and Creoles, the fact remains that human beings have an essential need to communicate with one another.   Human beings do not appreciate invaders, so therefore people in the third world had by and large rejected the presence of the colonialists.   Nevertheless, they had to learn to communicate with the people who had become dominant on their lands.   Whether they had to communicate with the foreigners because the latter controlled their economic resources or otherwise, it may be inferred from this discussion that pidgins and Creoles would be created for as long as human civilization exists on earth.   Man is a social animal, after all. References Mauritian Creole. (2005). Pidgins and Creoles. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://kreol.mu/CreoleLanguages.htm. Patrick, P. L. (2004, Nov 14). Pidgin and Creole Languages: Origin and Relationships. Intro Sociolinguistics. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm. Pidgin and Creole. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://www.hevanet.com/alexwest/pidgin.html. Pidgins and Creoles. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://www.uni- due.de/SVE/VARS_PidginsAndCreoles.htm. Pidgins and Creoles. (1997, Feb 25). Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/socioling/pidgin.html. Stafford, A. Pidgins and Creoles. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/pidgcreol.html.

The Negative Effects of Knowledge in Becketts Waiting for Godot and Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Negative Effects of Knowledge in Beckett's Waiting for Godot and Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five The whole of our existence seems to often be that of scientific advancement. Technology and the cold, hard facts are often placed above human values. A country's, or an individual's, power is marked by its technology, its "smarts." So everyone constantly strives to outsmart one another. Of course, with technology comes great power. The power to build and create and the power to destroy. Oftentimes the one leads to the other. Take for instance the creation of the atomic bomb, a huge leap in technology and knowledge that, once created, destroyed the lives of millions. Knowledge can be used for or against us, depending on who is holding the strings. Of course we want to be the ones holding those strings, standing behind the defenses of our war weapons, but what if the tables were turned and our "smarts" and technology could not save us? Is there something else that can be taken from this world besides this scientific advancement? What is it that civilization needs besides more and bette r machines and more insight into the basic nature of the universe? Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot asks that same question. Is there more to life than simply knowing things? The two main characters, Vladimir and Estragon, seem not to know anything at all, even the reason why they come to the same tree to wait everyday for someone named Godot. They constantly have to remind one another why they are there and waiting. Is there really any purpose to their lives? Beckett seems to think that the answer, not only for Vladimir and Estragon, is no. There is no meaning to the monotonous existence that we put ourselves through day after day after day. If indeed Beckett is symbolizing God as the man Godot who the naà ¯ve fools constantly wait for, he is also insinuating that they are wasting their lives because Godot, or God, is never going to come. Either He does not really exist or He does not care enough about these poor, gullible fools to come. Beckett is trying to show that civilization needs to rid itself of its "misconceptions" about the existe nce of God; that these people who have "got religion" are wasting their time waiting around for a being that either does not exist or does not care. Either way, Beckett thinks they are wasting their time.

Homelessness In Britain

Try to imagine waking up in a cold shop doorway, dirty and hungry. There's nowhere to wash and you have to beg for three hours before you have enough money to buy yourself a cup of tea, there's also nowhere for you to get warm. It's a terrible thought, but its okay because it will never happen to you, or so you may think. Tom Watts was A wealthy businessman with a devoted wife and two lovely children, he worked in London and often passed homeless people in the street, often chucking them some spare change as he passed, not even giving them a second thought until now. You see, Tom Watts is no longer the big businessman with the big house and the big car, he lived beyond his means and became bankrupt losing his house. Because of all the stress he also lost his wife and children. Now he sleeps wherever he can, this morning he woke up in the London underground he  says † I just take one day at a  time, I never know where I'll be one day to the next†. Tom's only wage is the 65p he gets from every copy of the Big Issue, which is sold for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 – a magazine sold by the homeless. Tom can officially earn up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17 a week before his à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½38-a-week social security is under threat, he says â€Å"The money I earn is not much at all. But if I could just find a place to live I could then go about getting a job and once I'm settled I can go to court, and see about getting to see my kids, but without a place to live it won't happen†. That's where shelter comes in Tom like hundreds of other homeless people are on the waiting list for temporary housing, it gives people a head start. It's not just a hostel where you have a first come first serve basis, while your in temporary housing shelter help you to find a more permanent placement. They also help you to find a work placement and any legal advice you may need. Shelter was launched in 1966 to bring housing problems to everyone's attention and  appeal for money to improve things. In 1970 shelter opened its first housing aid shelter to give people with housing problems or nowhere to live free advice. Tom sells the Big Issue: â€Å"I just want to see my kids† Some of the main reasons for people becoming homeless are job loss, break-up with a partner, heavy debts, drug addiction and even mental illness. The majority of people start off moving round sleeping on friends sofas or floors, but before long you realise you've been there for a few weeks or even months and think you're beginning to out stay you're welcome and can't abuse their hospitality any longer and leave. More than 326,000 people are homeless in Britain, sleeping rough, in hostels or moving from place to place with no home to call there own. Experts believe the problem is extremely bad and is worsening and without the help of charity the problem would rapidly increase.

Integrative Essay on diversity in Education Essay

America is increasingly becoming a very diverse nation culturally and ethnically. In all the States, there is an increasing influx of non- native Americans and estimates from the U. S Census Bureau have projected that by year 2100, the non- native Americans who at the moment are the minority, will become the majority and the non- Hispanic whites will constitute a mere 40% of the entire population of the U. S (Osborn, 2005). As a result, education debates in recent times are increasingly centering on the issue of diversity, especially in public schools. Interestingly, many Americans treat school policies as well as programs that intend to embrace cultural diversity with much suspicion and misunderstanding; not really understanding the great importance of diversity as an educational element in our classrooms (Osborn 2005). The aim of this essay is therefore to address the issue of cultural diversity in public schools with emphasis on the kind of cultural identity that public schools should promote. Cultural Diversity and School failure American public schools are admitting an increasing number of students from diverse cultures and languages. However, there are certain mentalities that are associated with these minority groups which not only act as an impediment to their academic progress, but may also fuel cultural intolerance, a vice which has no place in American democracy. Reports from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NEAP) state that, students who come from poor backgrounds especially the colored students, generally perform poorly than those from a higher socio- economic status (Bowman, 1994). How can this difference be accounted for? Is it a colored gene factor that promotes such poor academic performance? Definitely not; yet this is not clearly understood and the general assumption is that colored students simply cannot perform well in academics. The reason of course lies in the differences between cultural experiences of different groups which encourage different attitudes and life skills. Thus without schools acknowledging these differences, they actually limit their ability in educating these children (Bowman, 1994). During a child’s development, there are differences in cultural expressions which are normal and should be considered as a basis for building skills and knowledge. However, most American schools ignore these differences and all children are judged on the behavioral characteristics of children belonging to the white middle class which is considered the only valid expression of competence. Hence children from minority groups are judged as inadequate. This is largely due to their inability to conform to these foreign standards (Bowman, 1994). The educational programs of American public schools are poorly designed and do not cater to cultural differences. Teachers are also bound by their own personal experiences and are therefore unable to appreciate the cultural differences and may judge children who behave differently in a harsh manner. Devaluing minority culture is a cause for inter- racial conflict among students and also presents students from minority families with a tough choice between identifying with their families’ belief systems and participating in school culture. Most students opt for the latter (Bowman, 1994). Promoting Cultural Diversity-Existentialists View Existentialism is a philosophy which lays emphasis on the unique individual experiences, in the face of a universe which is hostile. These experiences are considered in isolation as opposed to a group. The existentialism philosophy upholds the need for individual freedom of choice as and responsibility for one’s actions (Jaspers, 1952). Existentialism was the basis of several liberation movements in history. Such include the black civil rights movement and women’s rights movements (Lim, 1999). Even today, its demand for individual freedom and tolerance can be applied to the application of cultural diversity in public schools. As the philosophy of existentialism states, the individual who is self reliant should be able to have an authentic existence which is in opposition with the given mores such as the mass culture of the contemporary world (Rupp, 2001). Promoting ethnic and cultural identity within a multicultural setting is thus one way of achieving this. It is important for all students to be able to learn about the different cultures even as they uphold their own to establish tolerance as well as understanding between races. Conclusion There is need to change the school curricula so that it can accommodate the diverse cultural needs. This will make it both relevant to the needs of students from diverse backgrounds and sensitive to the issues of social justice. A bicultural curriculum presents the diverse cultures as equally important and powerful. Such programs which have been implemented in some schools have shown that where children are not made to renounce their culture, their academic performance improves dramatically (Bowman, 1994). Existentialism calls for authenticity of the self in the face of indifference (Rupp, 2001). The schools thus have a responsibility towards achieving this. One way is to bring in teachers of diverse backgrounds in their schools; teachers who will be better placed to understand the needs of the students based on their different cultural experiences. To sum it up, the type of cultural identity that should be promoted in schools is one that upholds the different cultures as equally worthy. It should also be based on understanding and mutual respect of others. REFERENCES Osborn, T. A. (2005). Language and cultural Diversity in U. S Schools. Connecticut: Praeger Publishers Bowman, B (1994) Cultural diversity and Academic achievement NCREL’S Urban Education Program, Urban Education Monograph series. Retrieved January 21, 2009. Rupp, G. (2001). Religion, Modern secular culture and Ecology Daedalus, 130, 23 Lim, W. S (1999). Development and culture in Singapore and beyond Sojourn: Journal of social issues in South East Asia 14, 249. Jaspers, K (1952). Existentialism and Humanism: Three Essays. New York: Russell F. Moore

Free Essays on Phillipe Bourgois

Philippe Bourgois's In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio has shown a great deal of commitment to the work that was involved in completing his research on poverty and marginalization. The field of study on poverty and marginalization by Philippe Bourgois was only twenty blocks from the area in Manhattan's Upper East Side known as East Harlem. However, those twenty blocks between the Upper East Side and the Puerto Rican population of East Harlem represent a social and an economic gap extending from mainstream to marginal. There are two dominant themes that play an important role in the book. The first theme is the structural conditions that impact and marginalize these women and men on a daily basis. The second theme is the search for respect and the reclaiming of dignity by these men and women. Through these themes Bourgois (2002:17) portrays that the people living in El Barrio are known to blame the victim for their misfortune of being the underclass of the United States population and â€Å"living in the inferno† due to their inability to compete with the classes above them who are more able of succeeding since they have greater opportunities to do so. This competition has led the minorities living in such bad neighborhoods, such as the streets of Spanish Harlem, to search for respect and dignity while the American Society is doing the opposite, segregating and separating them from the rest of the society causing ghettoization to take place. Even during the 1930s East Harlem was known as a neighborhood where criminals, thieves, and law-breakers lived. As stated by a Catholic priest in the 1930s, â€Å"all kinds of law-breakers; there are nests of the narcotics, thieving, stealing, cheating and every conceivable kind of law breaking† (Bourgois, 48). Population of the so-called â€Å"Spanish Harlem† is mostly Hispanic, specifically Puerto Ricans who have emigrated from Puerto Rico throughout the 1900s. Puerto Rico was ... Free Essays on Phillipe Bourgois Free Essays on Phillipe Bourgois Philippe Bourgois's In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio has shown a great deal of commitment to the work that was involved in completing his research on poverty and marginalization. The field of study on poverty and marginalization by Philippe Bourgois was only twenty blocks from the area in Manhattan's Upper East Side known as East Harlem. However, those twenty blocks between the Upper East Side and the Puerto Rican population of East Harlem represent a social and an economic gap extending from mainstream to marginal. There are two dominant themes that play an important role in the book. The first theme is the structural conditions that impact and marginalize these women and men on a daily basis. The second theme is the search for respect and the reclaiming of dignity by these men and women. Through these themes Bourgois (2002:17) portrays that the people living in El Barrio are known to blame the victim for their misfortune of being the underclass of the United States population and â€Å"living in the inferno† due to their inability to compete with the classes above them who are more able of succeeding since they have greater opportunities to do so. This competition has led the minorities living in such bad neighborhoods, such as the streets of Spanish Harlem, to search for respect and dignity while the American Society is doing the opposite, segregating and separating them from the rest of the society causing ghettoization to take place. Even during the 1930s East Harlem was known as a neighborhood where criminals, thieves, and law-breakers lived. As stated by a Catholic priest in the 1930s, â€Å"all kinds of law-breakers; there are nests of the narcotics, thieving, stealing, cheating and every conceivable kind of law breaking† (Bourgois, 48). Population of the so-called â€Å"Spanish Harlem† is mostly Hispanic, specifically Puerto Ricans who have emigrated from Puerto Rico throughout the 1900s. Puerto Rico was ...

The Defects of Technology Professor Ramos Blog

The Defects of Technology By  Anthony Biondi  (The Cascade) The rise of technology has greatly improved our society in many ways. It affects how we speak,how we listen, and how we use it for our own personal gain. This is fantastic because technology has created many life changing opportunities for people yet, I begin to question how we are using technology nowadays. I understand that the entertainment industry and game development has grown exponentially. However, I believe that these developments cause important issues that aren’t really being discussed, such as: less interaction with one another, addiction to technology, and unnecessary aggressiveness towards enjoyable topics in which no one should be fighting about. Since the beginning of time, humans have always had some type of interaction with one another. As the ages went by, we begin to interact differently. We started by basic communication which involved speaking. Then later, we started to write down messages sent to one another which took time but not as much time as before. Nowadays there is no need for waiting, because we have advanced in technology and do not really need to leave our home to speak with one another or send messages through the mail. This caused less face to face interaction. Some people may say that facetime is the exception, but in reality you are looking at a screen that reflects the image of the person your talking to. So, what would happen if the internet would just turn off? One would be left with a blank screen in front of them and no one to talk to. Technology has additionally began to affect relationships in both positive and negative ways. An article I found explains how relationships in 2012 were greatly aff ected by technology because people would judge each other faster and lacked the courage to end the relationships which lead them to vanish, also known as â€Å"ghosting† that person (Morris). This article would continue to describe how even the use of social media tends to make the partner more insecure, which may cause them to communicate less. It also talks mentions another fact about how â€Å"scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences [have] found that the brain chemicals of people who habitually used the Internethad abnormal connections between the nerve fibers in their brain,† which basically means that a person is developing an addiction to technological devices, that will be discussed further in the next paragraph (Morris). Video game addiction can be â€Å"described as an impulse control disorder, which does not involve use of an intoxicating drug and is very similar to pathological gambling† (Our Mission). In other words, technology has revealed a new type of addictions that we have never seen before and one does not need any kind of substance to activate this addition. As reported by the University of New Mexico, â€Å"recent studies suggest that 6 to 15 percent of gamers exhibit signs that could be characterized as addictions† (Video Game Addiction Symptoms, Causes and Effects). Perhaps the people who are becoming addicted to video games are the ones who play online games. If you did not know, there are two types of games. There are single player games, that do not involve other gamers, or and multi-player games that provided the optional setting to play online. Most research also shows that online gamers that tend to play those types of games are more hook to them. After looking into the article a little more I found the game is designed to make you want to stay on it. However, when developers wanted to introduce games into education, they had to ficugure out â€Å"‘how to’ and ‘how not to’ develop educational games and integrate them into the curriculum† (Squire 2011). This got me to think about how bad, addicting games are very popular and how good educational games are games that are not so popular but they do give you the option to stop and leave the game. Unlike a bad game in which it was designed to keep you locked up or hooked to your tablet or game system. I feel that people should be more aware about what their getting into or even their child. Since the majority of gamers are young kids or adults, who are wasting time during high school or college. I could relate since I understand very well because I was one of those people who would play from the minute I was home to about one or two o’clock in the morning. Ye t, I thought it was okay because I never truly thought of it, I only cared about having fun. But after becoming more aggressive toward my games, I really didn’t understand what I was doing. I was getting very emotional towards a game which had waste most of my time, I got more frustrated than anything. I think my personal experience shows how easy someone can get addicted to video games and what addiction can cause. After doing research, I found that â€Å"video games elicit powerful emotional reactions in their players, such as fear, power, aggression, wonder, or joy† (Kurt 2003). If game’s really have the power to give off these kinds of emotions, I fear that game’s are more of a tool to confuse young people. To be honest, children cant comprehend what theyre walking into. Yes games do have age limits, but it does not stop them from playing what they want to play one way or another. Games do not stop kids, or even adults, from throwing fits and being aggressive toward people. They tend to get annoyed with people who stop you from playing. In my perspective, video games, in a way, could be set as a trap for people. It’s not right that games play with your emotions in the first place. I feel that you need to be well educated about games, or should be more aware of what it could do to you. I remember becoming more aggressiveness toward my family without really caring , at the time, and caring more about the games than anything at one point. I am glad I eventually gained perspective on what video games really do to a person and how one can easily be influenced negatively by these games. In conclusion, video games are becoming more popular in todays society and isn’t right how they are not really promoting how addicting they can be and the effects one may gain from playing. Becoming addicted toward something that isn’t going to help, isn’t healthy for anyone. And finally, the last straw is becoming aggressive toward a game or people that are trying to get you to do your work or homework shouldn’t be discarded like nothing. But in all fairness, I feel that people should be more aware about what games could do to you. Work Cited Gee, James Paul. What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy. Computers in Entertainment (CIE) 1.1 (2003): 20-20. Morris, Chris. â€Å"Is Technology Killing the Human Touch?† CNBC, CNBC, 15 Aug. 2015, cnbc.com/2015/08/15/gy-killing-the-human-touch.html. â€Å"Our Mission:† Video Games Addiction, Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery an Affiliate of Unitypoint Health, addictionrecov.org/Addictions/?AID=45. Squire, Kurt. Video games in education. Int. J. Intell. Games Simulation 2.1 (2003): 49-62. Squire, Kurt. Video games and learning. Teaching and participatory culture in the digital age (2011).â€Å"Video Game Addiction Symptoms, Causes and Effects.† PsychGuides.com, 2019, psychguides.com/behavioral-disorders/video-game-addiction/.

What You Need to Know About Diploma Mills

What You Need to Know About Diploma Mills A diploma mill is a company that awards unaccredited degrees and provides either an inferior education or no education at all. If youre considering attending an online school, learn as much about diploma mills as you can. This article will teach you how to spot them, how to avoid them, and how to take action if youve been a victim of a diploma mills false advertising. The Difference Between Unaccredited Programs and Diploma Mills If you want your degree to be accepted by employers and other schools, your best bet is to enroll in a school accredited by one of the six regional accreditors. Your degree may still be considered acceptable if it is from a school accredited by another organization recognized by the United States Department of Education (USDE) and/or the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA), such as the Distance Education Training Council. Being accredited by an agency approved by the USDE or CHEA adds legitimacy to the school. However, not all unaccredited schools can be considered diploma mills. Some new schools are undergoing the lengthy process required to receive accreditation. Other schools have chosen not to seek formal accreditation because they do not want to follow outside regulations or because they do not believe it is necessary for their organization. In order for a school to be considered a diploma mill, it must award degrees with little or no work required. The Two Types of Diploma Mills There are thousands of fake schools in the billion dollar diploma mill industry. However, most diploma mills fall into one of two categories: Diploma mills that openly sell degrees for cash - These schools are straight-up with their clients. They offer customers a degree for cash. Both the diploma mill and the recipient know that the degrees are illegitimate. Many of these schools do not operate under a single name. Instead, they let clients select the name of any school they choose. Diploma mills that pretend to be real schools - These companies are more dangerous. They pretend that they offer legitimate degrees. Students are often allured by promises of life experience credit or fast-track learning. They may have students do minimal work, but they usually award degrees in a very short amount of time (a few weeks or a few months). Many students graduate from these diploma mills thinking that they have earned a real degree. Diploma Mill Warning Signs You can find out if a school is accredited by an organization approved by the Department of Education by searching an online database. You should also keep an eye out for these diploma mill warning signs: Prospective students are bombarded with extreme promises about the degree program.Students are given one bill for the degree instead of being charged tuition for each class or credit hour.The schools website has no phone number.The schools address is a P.O. Box or apartment number.Promotional materials focus heavily on credit for life experience.The school does not have a .edu web address.There are no names of deans, directors, or professors on the website.The schools name is very similar to the name of a traditional, well-known school.Degrees are awarded in a very short period of time - only a few weeks or months.The school claims to be accredited by an organization that is not listed as an accreditor approved by the Department of Education. Diploma Mills and the Law Using a diploma mill degree to get a job could lose you your job, and your respect, in the workplace. Additionally, some states have laws that limit the use of diploma mill degrees. In Oregon, for example, prospective employees must inform employers if their degree is not from an accredited school. What to Do if You've Been Tricked by a Diploma Mill If youve been deceived by a diploma mills false advertising, immediately request a refund of your money. Send a registered letter to the companys address explaining the deception and asking for a full refund. Make a copy of the letter you send for your own records. Chances are low that theyll send the money back, but mailing the letter will provide you with the documentation you may need in the future. File a complaint with the Better Business Bureau. Filing will help warn other potential students about the diploma mill school. It takes just a few minutes and can be done completely online. You should also file a complaint with your states attorney general office. The office will read complaints and may choose to investigate the diploma mill school. List of Diploma Mills and Unaccredited Schools It is difficult for any organization to put together a complete list of degree mills because many new schools are created each month. It is also difficult for organizations to consistently tell the difference between a diploma mill and a school that is simply unaccredited. Oregons Student Assistance Commission maintains the most comprehensive list of unaccredited schools. However, it is not an exhaustive list. Be aware that the schools listed are not all necessarily diploma mills. Also, a school should not be considered legitimate just because it is not on the list.

The role of women in Francoist society represented in Carmen Laforet's Essay

The role of women in Francoist society represented in Carmen Laforet's Nada(Nothing) - Essay Example Nada (which literally means nothing in Spanish), has been translated from Spanish into English by Edith Grossman. The novel revolves around the life of a young woman seeking a trace of peace and sanity from the sheer ugliness of her war torn country and chaotic home life.The Novel has an Introduction by Mario Vargas Llosa and was awarded the Premio Nadal in 1944 .This novel was previously translated as Andrea by Charles F. Payne (1964) and as Nada by Glafyra Ennis (1993) .The novel ranks high in the literary world and it is said that the novel is a reflection of the authors life herself who was 23 at the time of writing the novel. The writer converted to Catholicism in 1951 and wrote many other novels, yet this is her most famous novel to date.Laforet's novel Nada is a prominent example of the novelistic form of Bildungsroman (self-cultivation") which is generally an exploration into the social or psychological growth of the main male character or protagonist from childhood to maturi ty .Many academics have interpreted Andrea's life to be a as a female version of the male Bildungsorman.This novel ranks among the most important literary works of post-Civil War Spain. The Novel is almost a reflection of Laforet's own life and as the story revolves around the life of the young protagonist, Andra who after being orphaned goes to live with her extended family in the war torn Barcelona to attend University. Before I go on to discuss the role of women in era as represented by Nada it would be worth mentioning the social circumstances the war torn Spain was reverting to in order to "heal" itself from the war damage. According to Lannon(1991)1, " all separation and divorce petitions were suspendedthe law which had introduced civil marriage was annulled.the right given to women by the 1931 Constitution, to retain a nationality different from that of their husband, was removed.the Divorce Law of 2 March 1932 was repealed and divorces already granted under the law, that involved canonically-married people, were declared null and void..the legalization of abortion by the Catalan Generalitat in December 1936 was swept away together with all vestiges of Catalan autonomy, abolished on 5 April I 938 as insurgent forces advanced on Catalonia..It was particularly evident from wartime legislation on education that the place of women was to be separate, subordinate, and domestic.. The ending of co-education was formalised stipulated that all women teachers must teach in girls" Lannon goes on to highlight the subjugation of women's rights in the name of religion and reform when he writes 2 "Inspectors were urged to establish local courses for women teachers, to help them prepare their pupils for their 'important maternal function.The very fact that this was a civil war, erupting from bitter ideologicaldisagreements, made it inevitable that conflicting views about Spanish social structure, including the role of women, were at issue"(Lannon,1991). In her 3article,Mayock has also depicted the tightening noose over the freedom of the female sex when she writes in the words of Morcillo Gomez that the Universal Law 1943 aimed at entrenching the family values thereby giving the "Falange's Feminine Section the duty of maintaining Catholic values in Spanish Women" thus stating that the women now had the duty to defend traditional family values and preserve the culture and "maintain happiness in the home. With this background one can well understand the frustration the whole society was going through and in the words of Mayock(2004) this was a time of the emergence of the "archetypal female protagonist of the post war period: entrapment and exile."4 This extended family consists of her Uncle Roman (who is depressed), the controlling character of her Aunt Angustias, her abusive Uncle Juan and his wife Gloria. The aftermath of the war has left them poor and they live in a congested apartment. The novel shows how the aftermath of th

Leadership Terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Terms - Essay Example The other reason for maintaining the limits for the president and changing those of the Congress and Justices is that a president who remains in the office for a long time is likely to become a dictator and the Congress and Justice may become more corrupt. Eight years of the presidency is enough as too much power in the hands of only one person is dangerous for a nation as large as the United States (Archives.gov, 2015). The judges and Congress leaders also gain a lot of power since they know that they will hold their office for life and misuse it. Limiting the terms of these categories of leaders in the US will enable the country to have other dedicated and loyal leaders to serve the country. The limits will also bring in new and fresh ideas to keep the states moving and eliminate those with selfish interest. Giving a few individuals too much power, which is unchecked, may lead the leaders to exercise some unrighteous dominion power especially giving the president unlimited terms. The president might take control of the other branches and interfere with the constitutional rights of individuals. With the president serving for only two terms, the three branches of government are kept working properly (Archives.gov, 2015). People still re-elect the president, Congress leaders, and the justices even when they do not perform, and the term limits are the only solution to ensure that the nation has good leaders.Americans like to maintain the same leaders due to the fear of change and without the term limits.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law - Essay Example I note that the University reserves the right to check my assignment for plagiarism. Should the reproduction of all or part of an assignment be required by the University for any purpose other than those mentioned above, appropriate authorisation will be sought from me on the relevant form. OR, if submitting this paper electronically as per instructions for the unit, place an ‘X’ in the box below to indicate that you have read this form and filled it in completely and that you certify as above. Please include this page in/with your submission. Any electronic responses to this submission will be sent to your ECU email address (or, where relevant, the digital dropbox for the Blackboard site for LAW1100). Agreement Date  PROCEDURES AND PENALTIES ON LATE ASSIGNMENTS - Refer to the University Admission, Enrolment and Academic Progress Rule 24 and the ECU Assessment Policy ? A student who wishes to defer the submission of an assignment must apply to the lecturer in charge of the relevant unit or course for an extension of the time within which to submit the assignment. ? Where an extension is sought for the submission of an assignment the application must : be in writing - preferably before the due date; and set out the grounds on which deferral is sought. ( see ECU Assessment Policy) ? Assignments submitted after the normal or extended date without approval shall incur a penalty of loss of marks. (see 39.5) ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT Rules (Students) All forms of cheating, plagiarism or collusion are regarded seriously and could result in penalties including loss of marks, exclusion from the unit or cancellation of enrolment. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Please remember to read, store for future reference and ensure that you have submitted: to the correct location the correct assessment piece CONFORMANCE STATEMENT Please note the following, and enter the required information in the grey shaded spaces provided prior to submission of the essay. 1. Your LAW1100 on campus essay should have not less than 2800 effective words but not more than 3200 effective words (without the express permission of the Unit Coordinator) (see LAW1100 Unit Plan (February, 2011, page 9). This essay has †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2801†¦. words (in determining the number of words, do a ‘word count’ from the beginning of your Introduction to the end of your Conclusion, and subtract all headings, sub headings, direct quotations and in text references therein from the result). 2. Your LAW1100 essay should use at least 6 to 10 quality academic reference sources (i.e. in terms of LAW1100 requirements, texts and journal articles – see LAW1100 on campus Essay Preparation Kit (2011), page 19). This essay has †¦13†¦ quality academic referen ce sources (in determining the number of quality academic reference sources for LAW1100 purposes, add up the total number of end references and subtract those which are not texts or journal articles; do not include the number of cases in this count – see point 4 below). 3. Your LAW1100 essay should cite your end reference sources (collectively) on at least 30 occasions in the body of your essay (see LAW1100 on cam

The mechanism of the money multiplier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The mechanism of the money multiplier - Essay Example This paper will aim to provide an explanation and illustration of the essential mechanisms behind the concept of money multiplier and intensively the manner monetary authorities can control its size and influence money supply in the economy. First, an overview of money measure will be put forth. Secondly, the mechanism in light of money multiplier will then be explained by use of symbols and equations to elaborate the cyclical variations in the multiplier factor. This will be followed by a scrutiny of money multiplier in the present economic environment which will be explained and lastly a description of the instruments of controlling money supply such as open market operation, reserve ratio and the discount window will be put in details to explain the impact in the size of money supply. A conclusion will then be provided of the general overview of the essay. The Reserve Ratio According to Valdez & Molyneux (2010, p. 111), different measures or dimensions can resolve on the issue of money supply denoted as M via monetary aggregates such as M2 and M4. The monetary aggregate M1 equals to the cash held household whilst M2 refers to the sum of deposit within the bound of retail banks and building societies in addition to the cash held by the household. M4 gives a broader measure of money which comprise of wholesale bank deposits and certificate deposits. These can be expressed as; M1 = Cash held by households M2 = M1 + retail banks and building society’s deposits M4 = M2 + wholesale banks deposits + certificate deposit The measures of money explained above shows the liquidity level of money held in supply even though broader measures indicate less liquidity held. The correlation amidst the bank of England, commercial banks and the households and the behavior which describes the supply of money in the form of deposit ratio of the currency and the reserve ratio. This can be expressed as; M = Deposits (D) + Currency deposit ratio (CU). The money multiplier main tains the mathematical connection amidst the monetary base and the economic supply of money. The monetary base or the high powered money is the summation of the currency in supply in addition to the banking system’s reserves. The money Multiplier can be articulated as; 1/rr this is the inverse of the reserve requirement ratio. For example if the reserve requirement is 20% then the multiplier effect is equal to 5. The extension of a nation’s Money supply that comes from banks ability to lend, the extent of the multiplier effect relies on the fraction of deposits that the banks are stipulated to maintain as reserves. In other terms, it is money used to make more money and is established as division of the total Bank deposits by the requirement of the reserve. The effect of the multiplier is dependent on the reserve requirement that has been set. Thus to get the effect of the multiplier on the supply of money, the first step is to get the amount banks earlier on take in v ia the deposits and then divided it by ratio of the reserve. For example, in case the reserve requirement is about 20% for each ? 200 a customer makes deposits into a bank, then ? 40 must be maintained as reserve. Nonetheless, the remaining ? 160 can be advanced to other banks customers as loans. This ? 160 is then made as deposits by the customers into other banks which simultaneously also keeps 20% or ? 32 in reserve but can loan out the remaining ? 128. This cycle goes on as more customers’ makes deposits of money and more banks proceed with the lending process until the ? 200 earlier deposited makes a total of ? 1000 (?200/0.2) in deposits. These deposits created forms the multiplier effect. It must be noted that the higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the supply of money, which eventually lead to a lower multiplier effect for every pound deposited (Cecchetti, 2008, p. 47). Subsequently, the lower the effect of the multiplier, the greater the supply of

Marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing - Article Example For this reason, a survey was conducted among the customers of three travel agents in Indonesia. In total, 215 customers participated in the survey. The survey aimed to reveal the relationship between the marketing mix and the consumer decision making especially in regard to travel agents. After analyzing the findings using three different methods of analysis, Satit et al. (2012) came to the result that only two from the 4P’s of marketing mix influence customer decision making in the particular sector: product and price. 3) The article addresses a particular aspect of marketing, the marketing mix. It should be noted that the mode of marketing mix chosen in the above study is the 4P’s, i.e. product, price, place and promotion. At the next level, the article discusses the potential value of the 4P’s for the consumer decision-making process. In other words, not all aspects of 4P’s are explored, but just the relationship of 4P’s with the above process. At the same time, the use of 4P’s as a marketing tool is evaluated specifically in regard to travel agents in Indonesia. Although a specific industry is involved, the findings of the research, as presented in the above article, could be used for understanding the value of 4P’s in other industries also. 4) Through this article I have learned that marketing mix can be valuable in a high range of industries; still, the level at which marketing mix can contribute in the development of each industrial sector is not standardized. For example, in the case of travel agents, only two elements of marketing mix have been proved to be powerful to influence the consumer decision making process: product and price. In other words, marketing mix can serve as a tool for promoting business performance. But before adopting this tool for achieving such target it would be necessary to review the

Vietnam- the American roll in that conflict Research Paper

Vietnam- the American roll in that conflict - Research Paper Example Further, from such a level of discussion, it is the hope of this author that the reader will gain a more informed understanding for the nuanced nature and ideological motivations for why the United States saw Vietnam as the figurative â€Å"line in the sand† in which global communism must be defeated and democracy and stated; even by force if necessary. After the conclusion of the Second World War, two superpowers arose. Both the United States and the Soviet Union had collectively helped to free the world from fascism and Japanese imperialism (Pham 19). As a function of this combined victory, both of these superpowers emerged as preeminently dominant over large swaths of territory and by extension, inherently distrustful of one another. Due to the fact that global communism called for a sustained and determined attack upon capital systems and imperial powers, the United States and its allies found themselves on the immediate defensive; attempting to guard against military coup s, proletarian revolution, and any other destabilizing force that the Communist bloc of nations around the globe might foist upon them as a means of weakening the strength of â€Å"the free world†. Due to this sustained and determined attack, then President Truman issued what would become the famous â€Å"Truman doctrine†. This Truman doctrine, further honed, added to, and defined by subsequent presidents, helped to determine the way in which the United States would integrate with communist aggression throughout the world. Ultimately, at its very core, the Truman doctrine stated that it was the express intent of the United States to combat communism at each and every juncture, in each and every location around the globe. After Pres. Truman left the Oval Office, Pres. Dwight Eisenhower further honed the Truman doctrine to an even more aggressive stance (Daddis 234). Dwight D Eisenhower, in 1954, helped to elaborate upon this doctrine of containment and expands upon it b y discussing what has since become known as the â€Å"domino theory†. This domino theory asserts that once a given nation within a particular region as a communist government and stated, then a domino effect will be felt throughout the region; allowing other nations to be weakened and ultimately fault of the influence that a single foothold of global communism can have within a particular region. In retrospect, such a theory seems rather preposterous; equating communism to a type of infectious disease that once rooted within a particular geographic region can somehow spread like a cancer. However, within the spirit of the era, this particular approach was not at odds with reality. Following the Second World War, the French unsuccessfully battled an insurgency within Vietnam, then referred to as Indochina, that eventually saw the French colonial forces retreat in humiliation; leaving Vietnam fertile ground for alternative forms of governance and the influences of communism. As such, in 1955, the United States, in tandem with its CIA assets within the region, backed Vietnamese politician Ngo Dinh Diem to oust Bao Dai from power within South Vietnam this particular study was one of many that helps to define the future relationship and strategy that the United

Marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing - Article Example For this reason, a survey was conducted among the customers of three travel agents in Indonesia. In total, 215 customers participated in the survey. The survey aimed to reveal the relationship between the marketing mix and the consumer decision making especially in regard to travel agents. After analyzing the findings using three different methods of analysis, Satit et al. (2012) came to the result that only two from the 4P’s of marketing mix influence customer decision making in the particular sector: product and price. 3) The article addresses a particular aspect of marketing, the marketing mix. It should be noted that the mode of marketing mix chosen in the above study is the 4P’s, i.e. product, price, place and promotion. At the next level, the article discusses the potential value of the 4P’s for the consumer decision-making process. In other words, not all aspects of 4P’s are explored, but just the relationship of 4P’s with the above process. At the same time, the use of 4P’s as a marketing tool is evaluated specifically in regard to travel agents in Indonesia. Although a specific industry is involved, the findings of the research, as presented in the above article, could be used for understanding the value of 4P’s in other industries also. 4) Through this article I have learned that marketing mix can be valuable in a high range of industries; still, the level at which marketing mix can contribute in the development of each industrial sector is not standardized. For example, in the case of travel agents, only two elements of marketing mix have been proved to be powerful to influence the consumer decision making process: product and price. In other words, marketing mix can serve as a tool for promoting business performance. But before adopting this tool for achieving such target it would be necessary to review the

Development of Radio Programs from Idea to Transmission Essay

Development of Radio Programs from Idea to Transmission - Essay Example The transmission modifies into high-speed teletype and other faster modes of transmission such as space satellite, missile-guidance telemetry, and facsimile. During standard broadcasts, music or speech modulates the carrier. Achieving this involves several ways, which include superimposing the amplitude, a phenomenon referred to as amplitude modulation (AM). After the amplification and modulation of audio signals, it conveys to the antenna for transmission. AM modulates the signal, about 5Hz when the carrier frequency lies between 535 and 1,605 KHz. The strongest power output for any AM station is 50,000 watts. The varying of frequency involves a modulation process, a phenomenon called frequency modulation (FM). This results in fluctuation of carrier frequency by about 75 KHz. The frequency of the audio signal plays a major role in determining the variation of the carrier frequency. Even in the contemporary society, radio permeates several aspects of human life. Houses, public spaces , phones, and cars have receivers. Several devices feature designs with the ability of receiving radio. Although there has been extensive development in communication technology since the invention of radio, radio is far from being irrelevant. Indeed, radio has managed to survive critical challenges such as development of internet and other communication devices. Because of the development of modern technology, many sound places transfer music to the world. â€Å"†¦the global network of telecommunications whose musical arms have, with unprecedented rapidity, entered and transformed every social and cultural community in the world.2† However, radio stations remain the most popular medium in the modern world. People tune in to radio mainly... This paper approves that although there are numerous modes of communication and transmission of data, radio continues to play a key role in the development of auditory culture. Most communication inventions still incorporate radio receivers. However, radio serves as a secondary tool in most instances. Alternative technologies have emerged to transfer music to every nation and every individual. This has helped in the transferring of sound around the world more conveniently. Radio transmission entails reduction in the space between the broadcaster and the audience. Moreover, time is restructured since radio broadcasting entails use of present tense. Radio programming is able to combine the aspects of origin, cultural purpose, and form. This helps in creation of a continuous rhythm of sound as well as information. This report makes a conclusion that in the initial stages, radio studios showed designs that helped shun unwanted noise. All the radio programs are prepared with an audience in mind. Therefore, different radio stations design their programs differently depending on target culture. Radio listening has also undergone transformation from the initial stages when listening involved headphones to the current sophisticated devices. In the early stages of radio development, stations such as BBC focused on educative and informative programs and greatly ignored the desires of the audience. However, after the Second World War, the stations that emerged were sensitive of the audience and provided dance and band music, as well as other entertaining programs such as comedy shows.

On “Unspeakable Conversations” Essay Example for Free

On â€Å"Unspeakable Conversations† Essay The issues of euthanasia and infanticide have long been subjects of heated debate, and there are no signs that the arguments for and against the two ethical dilemmas are coming to a halt. For the most part, the issue stems from the classic stand-off between religion and science, or religion and the state. In cases where the aforementioned conflict applies, what are brought to the table are arguments revolving around and stemming from the idea of a human being’s â€Å"right to life†. Generally the church invokes the central belief that a life can only be ended by the supreme being that created it, to counter whatever propositions that may have been deducted from scientific studies and philosophical undertakings that deviate from the said belief. Nowadays, debates on euthanasia and infanticide no longer just stem from religious beliefs. Opposition for the legalization of the two issues likewise comes from various organizations that, in more ways than one, are (or will be) directly affected. An example of such an organization is Not Dead Yet: a movement that concerns itself with the plight of the disabled, and of which Harriet McBride Johnson whose article â€Å"Unspeakable Conversations† is at the heart of this position paper – is a member. For purposes of clarity, this paper focuses on the implications of and points in Johnson’s article in exploring the philosophy of Peter Singer, who is undoubtedly one of the most controversial philosophers – nay, figures – today, with the intent of refuting his position relative to the two areas of concern. In a nutshell, this paper, while acceding to the logicality and coherence of Singer’s position, argues that the world in general is not yet ready for his revolutionary view of morality and ethics; and that there are more grounded alternatives that have yet to be considered and taken which do not require the legalization of either euthanasia or infanticide. The Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary defines euthanasia as â€Å"the act or practice of killing hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy; also : the act or practice of allowing a hopelessly sick or injured patient to die by taking less than complete medical measures to prolong life—called also mercy killing†; infanticide, on the other hand, translates to â€Å"the killing of an infant†. Since the latter definition elicits horror, it is important to emphasize that what Singer proposes is selective infanticide – a concept that is not as horrifying when understood in the context of his philosophy. Harriet McBride Johnson’s â€Å"Unspeakable Conversations† is a personal account of the lawyer’s relationship with Singer, which began when she accepted the latter’s invitation to two speaking engagements in Princeton University in March 2002, and her thoughts on his philosophy. Even before her encounter with the controversial bioethicist, Johnson had been fully aware of Singer’s philosophy, what with her organization Not Dead Yet being a thorn on the professor’s side, disrupting his lectures and even protesting his appointment in Princeton University. As such, it is no surprise that in the latter part of the article Johnson recounts that her agreeing to be involved in one of Singer’s talks in a non-violent manner (so to speak) aroused negative feedback not only from her co-members in the organization – who believe that a discussion with him is out of the question since giving him an audience legitimizes his view but from her sister, who clearly is of the opinion that Singer’s view, if used as a basis for future legislation / action, may pave the way for another genocide. Johnson’s opposition to selective infanticide is grounded on two ideas: (1) that people are not fungible, and (2) the basis for selecting disabled infants is prejudicial. The first concept is clearly a response to Singer’s assertion that infants are replaceable, and thus infanticide cannot be considered wrong when done under the correct pretense. Such a striking proposition is rooted in what Johnson sees as Singer’s view that infants cannot be considered â€Å"persons† on the basis of their inability for self-awareness, and their inability to express preferences, the most important of which is the preference to live. As for the second idea, Johnson strengthened her argument by raising the issue of race versus disability (in relation to trends in adopting babies): if the basis for killing a certain infant is the prediction that its life will be worse-off in the future due to disability, then why can’t a mixed-race baby – whose chances of being adopted are slimmer compared to white babies, thereby raising its chances of living a life that is not at all appealing – also be considered? This oversight, for her, is a product of prejudice prevalent today. As indicated in the article, Singer responded to the question by saying that whereas preferences based on race are not reasonable, those based on ability are not. With regard to euthanasia, or assisted suicide, Johnson made use of the ideas of Andrew Batavia and Carol Gill to better make understood her point.. For Batavia, assisted suicide is but another way of upholding a person’s autonomy: if a person wants to die, then out of respect for the autonomy of that person, everything – even assistance – should be given to facilitate the choice. Carol Gill, on the other hand, considers assisted suicide a form of discrimination directed towards the disabled. This idea stems from the fact that on a general note, society takes every known measure to prevent the occurrence of suicides; and yet, suicides for the ill and the disabled – though assisted – are considered (or even encouraged). This contradiction is explained by Gill as a product of the underestimation most people have of the quality of life a disabled person has or can have, which likewise gave birth to the stereotypical image of the disabled as people who are to be pitied. With the above statement in mind, it only follows that society is not surprised – in fact, Gill went as far as to say that it is considered rational – when a choice to die is made by a disabled/ill person. Johnson quite expectedly sided with Gill, adding that what is worrying is what she calls the â€Å"veneer of beneficence – the medical determination that, for a given individual, suicide is reasonable or right. † Debunking Batavia, her article implies that choices are, in fact, illusory when the discussion is that of a disabled person’s preference to die. Why is this so? Under â€Å"normal† circumstances – that is, with a non-disabled person – a choice is to be upheld in respect of a person’s autonomy. When it comes to a disabled/ill person’s â€Å"choice† to die, however, the issue is not that of upholding the choice but of the very occurrence of the thought that the person prefers to die rather than live. For Johnson, prior to legalizing assisted suicide, what should be done is exhaust all possible means of upholding the right to live of the disabled and the ill. Quoting her: â€Å"We shouldn’t offer assistance with suicide until we have all the assistance we need to get out of bed in the morning and live a good life. Common causes of suicidality†¦ are entirely curable. † In defense of Singer and his views, Johnson acceded that the professor’s work is logical, in that â€Å"it does make sense – within the conceptual world of Peter Singer†. If one were to read his work â€Å"Practical Ethics†, it is clear that the ideas of Singer regarding infanticide and euthanasia are entirely rational, albeit horrifyingly so for the majority of the human race who have yet to understand his way of thinking. A utilitarian through and through, Singer merely applied the dictum of producing the most happiness for the most people in conjunction with his view that what matters is not the species of a creature but its sentience and ability for self-awareness. With these in mind, and all subjectivity aside, his pursuit of the legalization of euthanasia and selective infanticide are logical – as logical as his pursuit for animal rights are. However, such a revolutionary way of looking at the universe in general is still unwelcome today. To think like Singer is to uproot age-old beliefs and completely reconstruct one’s brand of morality – a feat that is perhaps not impossible, but improbable. As such, Johnson’s idea that before thinking of assisted suicide, assistance first should be given to the disabled and the ill, is the better route to take. REFERENCES Johnson, Harriet. (2003). Unspeakable Conversations. New York Times. February 16, 2003, from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html sec=healthres=9401EFDC113BF935A25751C0A9659C8B63 Mar. (2008). Princeton Bio-Medical Ethics Professor Peter Singer Teaches Controversial Ethics. Associated Content. February 21, 2008, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/616049/princeton_biomedical_ethics_professor. html? cat=5 Singer, Peter. (2008). Putting Practice Into Ethics. The Sun: New York. January 16, 2008, from http://www. nysun. com/arts/putting-practice-into-ethics/69595/

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media Essay

Mass Media Is Always A Powerful Tool Media Essay Introduction From the past until today, mass media is always a powerful tool and having a big influence among the peoples. No one can assert that mass media was bring zero effect to the peoples. On the 18th century, the first theory about mass media theory was being introduced. The theory is about how strong the media can directly influence the people perception and action. Over the years, there are many theories are being introduced. Mass media theories are commonly used at the age of propaganda and one of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. Propaganda is to influence public opinion through the use of media. Nazi Propaganda was generated in many different forms of media such as radio, cinema, speeches, visuals, events, brochures and etc. Besides that, there are also many famous mass media theory being introduced like magic bullet theory, freudianism, behaviorism and etc. There are a lot of arguments about the mass media theories from the past until today. Some philosopher disputes that media are bringing negative influence to the public, and they claim that media should be under control. However, there are also some theories explain that it brings positive effect such as libertarianism theory says that people are good and rational. So that, they support the media should have the freedom to report on everything and let the public to judge by themselves. Although there many debates about the usage of mass media, but no one can deny or underestimate the power of mass media. Mass media play as an important tool in nowadays, and there are no advanced countries banned the media. In fact, this means that every advanced country also rely on the media to communicate with their citizen. Media work as a tools for government to spread the news and promote their latest policy to the public. The mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies. The mainstream media are newspaper, television station and radio station. The mainstream media are used to encourage the acceptance of the concept by the citizens of Malaysia. On 16 September 2010, Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak was introducing 1Malaysia concept to all corners of the nation. The concept is about the culture of excellence, perseverance, acceptance, education, integrity, meritocracy, humility and loyalty. One of the main objectives of this concept is unity and integration. 1Malaysia aims to improve the relations among Malaysians, regardless of racial, religious or cultural backgrounds. As we know, Malaysia is a multi-racial country and the three main races of Malaysia are Malay, Chinese and Indian. Besides that, Malaysia also forms by several minority races such as Baba-Nyonya, Kadazan, Ibans, Eurasian, Orang Asli and etc. The concept of 1Malaysia is to achieve all races living together hand-in-hand in harmony. In addition, 1Malaysia is also the concept to achieve the goal of Vision 2020 which introduced by Malaysia 4th prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohammad. Vision 2020 is about evolution Malaysia to a fully develop country in the year 2020. 1Malaysia concept aims to strengthen unity, rejuvenate the spirit of unity and camaraderie among people of Malaysia. Najib said the concept would be implemented in an organized and systematic manner to ensure that no community was isolated from development of and kind. He said the concept was shored up by two main principles, which were mutual respect for one another and trust in one another. When we have respect for one another, it means we have the open attitude of appreciating the concept of unity in diversity. The trust for one another will not come about all of a sudden. It has to be developed in an organized and determined way. he said. To achieve development for the country, the people must have a positive attitude of acceptance among the different races that will lead to unity. In short, the concept is to improve race relations in Malaysia and the mainstream media play as a key in order to achieve the goals. Propaganda Propaganda aimed to influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political or religious agenda. Moreover, propaganda also can be used as a form of political warfare. One of the most successful propaganda is Nazis propaganda during World War 1. The propaganda being use after Hitler took power in 1933 Richard Alan Nelson define that propaganda is a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotion, attides, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided message via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion. By focusing on the 1Malaysia concept, the theory was been used commonly in Malaysia. The people can always get in touch with 1Malaysia concept in Malaysia. The government is always propagandizing the 1Malaysia concept to Malaysians. Common media for transmitting propaganda messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, books, movies, radio, television, posters and etc. For example, we can always see the poster that Najib with the 1Malaysia significant pose and the significant pose was been recognized by the Malaysians. Other than that, Malaysian also can find out 1Malaysias logo everywhere. Moreover, 1Malaysia is also come out with a theme song, and the lyric is kita satu bangsa, satu negara, kita satu Malaysia and it means we are one nation, one country and one Malaysia. This all action is also trying to influence the public opinion through the use of media. They want people to remember the 1Malaysia concept and they remind people every day and want people to change their attitudes. Political Economy Theory Political economy theorists study elite control of economic institutions, such as banks and stock markets, and then try to show how this control affects many others social institutions, including the mass media. Political economy is the interplay between economics, law and politics and how institutions develop in different social and economic systems. It also says that to understand the media, ones must look at the whole picture which includes the ownership of media and the control group of media. In Malaysia, the elite will be the government and most of the mainstream media are privatization but all the media are related to the government and political party. In fact, Fleet Holding, a company which is under the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) has the 80% share of the News Straits Times Press and majority share in Utusan Melayu Press. These two presses are also producing the newspapers which have the largest readership in Malaysia. Moreover, the company also owns the share of 40% of Malaysia television station, TV3. In the other hand, Huaren holding Sdn. Bhd which link to Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) have the share 58% of the other Malaysia English paper, TheStar Newspaper. From this we can found out that the Malaysia mainstream media have a close relationship with the political parties. It was easy to reach a large audience by promoting 1Malaysia concept. The government or political party can show the benefits of the concept bring at the newspaper. People are more tend to believe what the newspapers carry. For example, 175 1Malaysia clinics by year end are reported on the TheStar newspaper on September 15, 2012. In fact, when the newspapers always carry the positive news of 1Malaysia concept, it helps to gain supports from Malaysia citizens. Authoritarianism Authoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are fully under the control of the government. Authoritarians are necessary to control the media to protect and prevent the people from the national threats through any form communication. As we know, Malaysia is an authoritarian country and all the media are fully control by the government. Basically, the government has all rights to permit any media and control it by providing license. If any media violate the government policies against license, then the authority has all right to cancel the license and revoke it. In fact, Malaysia also comes out with a law which is Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984. This is use to control the usage of printing presses in Malaysia. Under the law, all printing presses require a license granted by the Home Affair Minister and require to renewing the license. Besides that, Malaysia government also makes certain censorship. Censorship is a suppression of any communication which may consider as harmful to the people, king, government and the country. The censorship helps to protect the rulers and authorities from sensitive issues. It used to protect the government to avoid been criticize by the media. The government has all right to restrict any sensitive issues from press to maintain peace and security in the nation. This was a powerful ability for the government and it helps to promote the 1Malaysia concept. Agenda Setting Theory The idea of agenda setting began in 1922 with Walter Lippmanns Public Opinion book. The originally suggested that the media sets the public agenda, in the sense that they may not exactly tell you what to think, but they may tell you what to think about. The three consequences of agenda setting effects are forming opinions, priming opinions through an emphasis on particular issues and shaping an opinion through an emphasis on particular attributes. First, it studied by the researchers, media use issues to influence the people what people should think about. And then media focus on the characters of issues how people should think about. The agenda setting theory are commonly used by the politician. The gatekeeper plays as an important role in this theory and usually the media is the one who play as a gatekeeper. Gatekeeper controls over the selection of content discussed in the media. The media only show you what they comprehend as an important issue. Due to the Malaysia was an authoritarian country and the media are fully control by the government, the government can use the media to publicize the 1Malaysia concept. When the media publicize the 1Malaysia concept and it will become agenda setting theory. The media will indirectly tell the public what they have to discuss and what they have to focus. When the issue becomes a discussion among the Malaysians, it will strengthen the acceptance of the concept by the citizens. Marxist Theory Central to Marxist theory is an explanation of social change in terms of economic factors, according to which the means of production provide the economic base which influences or determines the political and ideological superstructure. Marxism encompasses an economic theory, a sociological theory, a philosophical method and a revolutionary view of social change. Marx argued that the hierarchical class system was at the root of all social problems and must be ended by a revolution of the workers. He believed that elites dominated society primarily through their direct control over the means of production, the base, or substructure, of society. But elites also maintained themselves in power through their control over culture. The inequalities between social classes are still happening in today society. For example, the riots happened in Malaysia on 13 May 1969 was an important incident in Malaysia history. The incident make the government emphasizes on the economy balance between the races and it come out with a policy which is New Economic Policy. Although this incident happen many years ago, but the problem of social classes are still remain in Malaysia today. The government member and royal family of Malaysia are call as the aristocrat in Marxist theory. In order for the government to maintain their status quo, the elite own the capitalism with their base. For example, Malaysias second privatize TV station Metrovision, the four share holder company was closely related to UMNO. The companies are City television Sdn.Bhd, Melewar Corporation, Utusan Melayu and Medanmas Sdn. Bhd. 1Malaysia concept aims to improve the citizens living standard to escape from poverty. In fact, the government is the one who control of the superstructure which are the media. 1Malaysia concept is also helps the government to maintain their status and their power. The government wants to maintain their status and also achieve the peaceful among citizen or bourgeoisie and proletariat in Marxist theory. 1 Malaysia concept is the best way to achieve the goal for the benefit of country or benefit of the elite through the ownership of mainstream media and control of the message production-ideology. Conclusion In conclusion, the media was always a powerful tool from past to now. In 21th century, media are becoming more powerful in this digital era, because people nowadays cant avoid getting in touch with media. Media was able to directly and also indirectly influence the people. So, the government should always use the media in a correct way. In fact, the mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as an important agent of change for most of the governments policies. Malaysia government was able to make full use of the media and skillfully use the media to promote the 1Malaysia concept. In short, government make good use of media is one of the key to lead our country evolve to an advanced country to achieve the vision 2020 and also the 1Malaysia concept.

God Should Remain in the Pledge of Allegiance Essay -- Argumentative P

God Should Remain in the Pledge of Allegiance One of the most controversial issues, if â€Å"Under God† should remain in the pledge, and if children should be required to say it, went to court a few weeks ago. The argument was brought to court by Michael Newdow, the father to the girl on whose behalf the lawsuit was brought forward. Newdow argued in court and on many different public speaking occasions that knowing his child is being led to say â€Å"One nation under God† on a daily basis makes him feel â€Å"Disenfranchised†. (Hamilton, Marci A. CNN Special). He points out that â€Å"The Pledge, which has â€Å"liberty for all† is being used to inculcate his daughter in a religious worldview he cannot accept†. (Hamilton, Marci A. CNN Special). This means that the state is trying to educate his daughter on religion, and therefore â€Å"Under God† is unconstitutional. Michael Newdow does not have custody of his daughter; he is an atheist who feels his daughter is not being treated fairly because she is of the minority belief in religion. His wife a born again Christian, says their daughter has no trouble including God in the Pledge of Allegiance. Their daughter is in the second grade, she has informed her mother that she is comfortable reciting the pledge, her father made this claim based on his own feelings. As long as the statement â€Å"Under God† is not offending anyone it should remain in the Pledge of Allegiance to be recited by all willing students and teachers. The constitution assures immunity to anyone who offends any other human being in practicing their own religious beliefs or if they were to offend the religious views of others, if they are the majority or minority. The constitution does not however guarantee an exemption from doing what socie... ... opinion. The words â€Å"Under God† is not meant to directly offend anyone. It should remain in the Pledge of Allegiance for those willing participants to recite. Bibliography Ager, Susan. â€Å"Pledge of Allegiance Deserves Attention†. Monterey Country The Herald. 2 April 2004 Hamilton, Marci A. â€Å" Why the Department of Justice is wrong to support ‘Under God’†. Posted 2:10 PM EST. 26 March 2004. Harrison, Maureen. Gilbert, Steve. Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court II. La Jolla, California. Copyright 1992. By Excellent Books. Muqaribu, Mudhillun. Letter. New York Times. Published 3/29/2004. Late Edition. Final Section A. Column 6. Page 20. Taylor, Bonnie B. Education and the Law. Contemporary Legal Issues. Santa Barbara, California. Copyright 1996. Pg. 252-253 God Should Remain in the Pledge of Allegiance Essay -- Argumentative P God Should Remain in the Pledge of Allegiance One of the most controversial issues, if â€Å"Under God† should remain in the pledge, and if children should be required to say it, went to court a few weeks ago. The argument was brought to court by Michael Newdow, the father to the girl on whose behalf the lawsuit was brought forward. Newdow argued in court and on many different public speaking occasions that knowing his child is being led to say â€Å"One nation under God† on a daily basis makes him feel â€Å"Disenfranchised†. (Hamilton, Marci A. CNN Special). He points out that â€Å"The Pledge, which has â€Å"liberty for all† is being used to inculcate his daughter in a religious worldview he cannot accept†. (Hamilton, Marci A. CNN Special). This means that the state is trying to educate his daughter on religion, and therefore â€Å"Under God† is unconstitutional. Michael Newdow does not have custody of his daughter; he is an atheist who feels his daughter is not being treated fairly because she is of the minority belief in religion. His wife a born again Christian, says their daughter has no trouble including God in the Pledge of Allegiance. Their daughter is in the second grade, she has informed her mother that she is comfortable reciting the pledge, her father made this claim based on his own feelings. As long as the statement â€Å"Under God† is not offending anyone it should remain in the Pledge of Allegiance to be recited by all willing students and teachers. The constitution assures immunity to anyone who offends any other human being in practicing their own religious beliefs or if they were to offend the religious views of others, if they are the majority or minority. The constitution does not however guarantee an exemption from doing what socie... ... opinion. The words â€Å"Under God† is not meant to directly offend anyone. It should remain in the Pledge of Allegiance for those willing participants to recite. Bibliography Ager, Susan. â€Å"Pledge of Allegiance Deserves Attention†. Monterey Country The Herald. 2 April 2004 Hamilton, Marci A. â€Å" Why the Department of Justice is wrong to support ‘Under God’†. Posted 2:10 PM EST. 26 March 2004. Harrison, Maureen. Gilbert, Steve. Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court II. La Jolla, California. Copyright 1992. By Excellent Books. Muqaribu, Mudhillun. Letter. New York Times. Published 3/29/2004. Late Edition. Final Section A. Column 6. Page 20. Taylor, Bonnie B. Education and the Law. Contemporary Legal Issues. Santa Barbara, California. Copyright 1996. Pg. 252-253

International Marketing Research Essay

1. Identification of Case Issues Base your issues on theoretical international ethics concepts. As the international marketing manager, what are the ethical issues to be considered in this case? Use journals to help give your response depth The report aims at launching the new fair trade chocolate brand – Mars, and analysing the current ethical understanding of the Japanese marketing environment. The business viewed the ethical issue which child slavery has created an unethical comparative advantage, and the current market for chocolate lies in the ethical ruin (Nicolas and Gittens, 2010). The result of the influence of fair-trade foods among Japanese shows that the participants in Japan do the ethical purchasing in observable condition much more than the anonymous condition (Kimura et al., 2012; Swaidan, 2012). The ethical purchasing of observable condition is about that about making products in an environment where there is no child abuse or child labour, that is environmentally conscious and where there is a value placed on workers and their safety (Nicholls and Opal, 2005; Impact of adverse economic shocks on the Indian child labour market and the schooling of children of poor households, 2012). Furthermore, the report claimed that is not only the purchasers’ participation of ethical â€Å"fair deal†, but also the corporation participations impact on fair trade as well; especially under the effect of the global economic recession, businesses have great potential to benefit or threaten at the market (Lynch, 2012; McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies,2011; Reed, 2009). According to the report of Swaidan (2012), Japan has suffered painful economic recession and a series of corporate misconducts and scandals over the last decade. In the meantime, people’s interests in business ethics and corporate social responsibility have remarkably increased (Tsalikis and Seaton, 2011). There are many similarities exist between Japanese and American managers which including the respective views on corporate social responsibility and unethical business practices (Tae and Nakano, 2008). Thus the marketing strategy should to consider the nation’s business ethical understanding s. Furthermore, according to a personal perspective, the correct ethical behaviour differs, which includes the relativist, utilitarian, and Universalist perspectives and based on socio-economic status (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011; Lynch, 2012). It states a market where corruption is an issue as Japan ranked eighteenth on the Corruption Perception Index of major emerging markets (Tae and Nakano, 2008; Tsalikis and Seaton, 2011). In Japan, the primarily views business ethics are through relativist and utilitarian perspectives (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011; McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011; Nicolas and Gittens, 2010). It will evoke the previous ethical perspectives when business markets a fair trade product to the Japanese. The ethical behaviour differs across nations, influenced by popular attachments to governments, popular customs, level of economic development, relative size of public sector, low income for public servants, obscure legal and political environments, high level of government control and state ownership (Kimura et al., 2012; McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011; Swaidan, 2012). Moreover, according to Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions, Japan outranks all other countries in the measure of masculinity (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011). Hence, the marketing strategy must cater to the nation’s business ethical behaviours, and cultural dimensions facing fair trade products. 2. Formulation of alternatives or possible solutions with respect As the International marketing manager what are some alternative solutions, based on an ethical platform? Use journals to support your alternatives. Mars’ first entered the Asian market with a marketing strategy of sponsoring and becoming the official snack food of the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing (McElhatton, 2012). In addition, it claims that Mars has a legacy for aggressive instincts in international expansion, entering the Eastern European markets after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 (Allen, 2010). These movements lead to factories being opened in the Asian markets to better understand the domestic environments, and it is the solid foundation for Mars to target and market the Japanese market which it was successful in combining investment with community activities to relay positive company behaviour in the political environment (McElhatton, 2012). Additionally, it proved that a link exists in successful brands between company ethical and social requirements, and the company’s commitment to protecting consumer rights and interests (Castaldo, Perrini, Misani and Tencati, 2011; Fletcher and Crawford, 2011; McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011). Thus, Mars must show it is not only has corporate social responsibility but its interest in the rights of its consumers, in order to market a new fair trade brand of chocolate in Japan (Nicolas and Gittens, 2010). Further, the right for Mars’ consumers to have access to chocolate is fair trade that gives added value and competitive price (Allen, 2011). From the perspective of economies, fair trade marketing may be successful if it is existed that consumers whose additional willingness to pay for fair trade products are greater than the additional marginal costs (Lynch, 2012). However, the consumers who felt greatly affected by the global recession yet want to consume ethically, marketers must deliver value without compromising these social values (Castaldo, Perrini, Misani and Tencati, 2011). The report confirmed that the Japanese expect companies to stand behind their product well after a sale is made. They are not particularly price conscious, but rather rely on trust (McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011; McElhatton, 2012). Moreover, there are restraining forces in the market such as political systems, legal requirements, cultural norms and economic development, that hinder the free flow of fair trade in the market (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011). In Japan, it is not simply enough to support the goods, but marketing mix is more important to the Japanese consumers who demand the after-sale services on financial resources, and the weakness of service is not tolerated in the Japanese market (Slavery involved in food production, 2008; Swaidan, 2012; Tsalikis and Seaton, 2011). On the other hand, the benefits of lowering 20 percent tariff of chocolate imports in Japan which is almost three times of the USA levy on imported candy (McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011; Reed, 2007). The chocolate potential market for Mars grows as the high tariff is getting lowered, and allowing a new fair trade chocolate brand greater entry. If Japan is a significant leader in the Asian region drops its tariff, Korea as the other major potential market may follow (Allen, 2011; Tae and Nakano, 2008). Japanese have their own take on Valentine’s Day which is a big chocolate buying frenzy (Tsalikis and Seaton, 2011). Gifts of chocolate from women to men on St Valentine’s Day have become a subtle key to gender empowerment in Japan. In Japan, women nationwide buy chocolates for their male co-workers rather than husbands and loved ones (Lewis, 1995). With this custom, women have successfully monopolized the means of socially defining chocolate, which is a large promoter for the industry. Being a custom based on culture, chocolate sales in Japan on Valentine’s Day continue to increase as cocoa prices soar. It means that the duty is expanding, which could offer the new opportunities for an ethical fair trade choice in the region (Allen, 2011; Fletcher and Crawford, 2011). Thus, marketing to the Japanese based on custom rather than the individual consumer is advised. 3. Recommendation or choice of solution Make a stand. What would you do as the International marketing manager for this company, based on an ethical platform? What are you going to recommend to the board? First of all, Japan is a rapidly growing market where corruption is an issue. The stakeholders should be the focus, and holistic and corporate social responsibility marketing is a strategic consideration (Tae and Nakano, 2008; Tsalikis and Seaton, 2011). The chocolate company – Mars is recommended to use value-based labelling in order to increase consumer awareness of the brand. Moreover, individuals’ motivations from extrinsic social factors such as reputation-enhancing opportunities should be moulded around brand appearance and marketing strategy, which is rely on the product add value to the consumer thereby further building and maintaining the loyalty of the consumers (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011; McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011; Nicolas and Gittens, 2010). Secondly, a market-oriented solution is best for entering and marketing a fair trade chocolate brand in Japan, because Japan is a viable market to launch a brand, currently ranked third in world GDP (McCall-Ros enbluth and Thies, 2011; Tyler, 2012). The chocolate company – Mars should consider about the ownership attributes, the location attributes and the internalisation for market entry (McElhatton, 2012). Mars could use the host marketers for the purpose of launching the market strategy from within the domestic environment. Furthermore, Mars could report the ethical practises to consumers which include ethical initiatives such as discontinuing marketing to children under age 12, and it is rely on brand integrity through Mars’ philosophy of â€Å"mutuality of benefits† for all stakeholders (Reed, 2007). It might offset distribution regulations and prevent ethical, legal and cross-cultural misunderstanding in brand marketing and promotion (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011; McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011). Thirdly, Countries differ greatly in their ethical standards and consumer expectations (Tae and Nakano, 2008). In Japan’s political system, dominant economic interests caused deep changes, so in the other word, Japan is the very embodiment of stability (Tsalikis and Seaton, 2011). On the other hand, as approximately ten percent of sales are from the Australasian region, Mars success has resulted from a simply philosophy â€Å"go where the consumer economy is growing† and â€Å"the consumer is our boss.† (McElhatton, 2012; Tyler, 2012). Thus, the assessment predicts a minor political could impact of the new product brand and low transaction cost (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011). Last but not least, Japan has greater equality of incomes between higher and lower incomes and market incomes (Kimura et al., 2012). This is ever more present as Japanese consumer social awareness grows and the distance is shortened between company and customer, due to communication advancements (McCall-Rosenbluth and Thies, 2011). The chocolate company – Mars could potentially take a large market segment by marketing a CSR strategy in this high-income country via differentiation (Allen, 2011). Besides, the growth of e-commerce has diminished national barriers, thus advertising campaigns directed at the Japanese market can be optimised online (Fletcher and Crawford, 2011; McElhatton, 2012). References Allen, L.L. (2011). Chocolate fortunes: the battle for the hearts, minds, and wallets of Chinese consumers. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/lib/qut/docDetail.action?doID=10342364 Castaldo, S., Perrini, F., Misani, N., & Tencati, A. (2011). The missing link between corporate responsibility and consumer trust: the case of fair trade products. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 1-15. doi: 10.1007/s10551-008-9669-4 Fletcher, R., & Crawford, H. (2011). International marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective 5th edition. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Kimura, A., Mukawa, N., Yamamoto, M., Masuda, T., Yuasa, M., Goto, S., Oka, T., & Wada, Y. (2012). The influence of reputational concerns on purchase intention of fair-trade foods among Japanese adults. Food Quality and Preference, 26(2), 204-210.