A Table of Roman Battles - Winners Losers

Theodore Roosevelt s Impact On Theu.s Navy - 1182 Words

Stefano Korkotas HH104: American Naval History Leader’s Paper Theodore Roosevelt’s Impact on the U.S Navy Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States, as well as the Secretary of the Navy prior to his presidency. The man was a known intellectual, with strong diplomatic skills and a strong sense of accomplishing the mission. One of these missions was the establishment of a strong permanent Navy that would become one of the largest in the world, establishing the United States as imperialistic country, ready to make its mark. The building of the â€Å"Great White Fleet† is proof of this mission, as he established the 2nd largest most modern Navy in the world at the time. Roosevelt writes to a close friend named Cecil Spring-Rice, I have steadfastly preached a big navy, and I have with equal steadfastness seen that our navy is practiced until I have reason to believe that ship for ship it is as efficient as any.† 1 Within a short period of time he developed new naval tactics, nearly doubled the enlisted streng th of the Navy, and increased the number of officers by about twenty per cent. As well as enlarged classes at the United States Naval Academy which provided a constantly increasing stream of new officers. 2 All these factors are proof of the strong impact Roosevelt had on the U.S Navy for years to come. The importance of Theodore Roosevelt for the modern day U.S Navy that exists today is almost second to none. The world at the time was changing, and more

Congestive Hear Failure for Alcohol and Drugs - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCongestive Hear Failure for Alcohol and Drugs. Answer: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic disease that is mainly caused due to the inability of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood for meeting the oxygen demand of various organs (Kemp Conte, 2012). The case study reveals the fact that Mrs. McKenzie has been suffering from diastolic cardiac failure as she has hypertension and her respiratory rate is 30 bpm. Congestive heart failure can be brought about by several causes. It can be caused by cardiomyopathy (weakening of the heart muscles), damaged valves of the heart, Ischemic cardiomyopathy, where the blood vessels supplying the coronary arteries gets blocked (Kemp Conte, 2012). Toxic exposure to alcohol and drugs can also cause this disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscles) that is caused due to hypertension may also act as the contributing factor. The risk factors contributing to CHF are equal to the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease. According to Kemp Conte, (2012) hypertension is the most important risk factor accounting for about CHF in 59 % of women and 39% of men (Dib, Matin, Luckert, 2012). Elevated cholesterol, diabetes and obesity are the other factors. It is evident that Mrs. Sharon McKenzie already had a past history of Myocardial infarction at the age of 65. CHF occurs in about half of the patients with MI. With CHF the stroke volume de creases but the cardiac index is maintained by an increased heart rate. The minute work and the stroke work of the left ventricles are decreased significantly further decreasing the end-diastolic pressure of the left ventricle. This complicates the myocardial infarction causing CHF. The prevention and the treatment of CHF have risen to a burgeoning public health problem. There are almost 20 million people worldwide who are affected by CHF. According to the Australian commission for health and safety, about 5.2 millions of Australians suffer from CHF, much of which is due the obesity and diabetes (Australian heart Foundation, 2018). The estimated mortality due to CHF is about 286000. It follows an exponential pattern affecting 6-10 % of the population over the age of 65. The expected cost to the disease in Australia has been recorded to be $34.8 billion (Australian heart Foundation, 2018). CHF have not only affected the physical health of Mrs. Mackenzie, but also contribute to her emotional burden. Sense of inferiority complex or discontent may come due to the inability to do daily chores. Furthermore it will also contribute to the emotional burden. CHF failure requires regular monitoring and costly medications and even hospital stay. Hence this would also affect the economic condition of the family. The patients husband may suffer from anxiety and may be perturbed about her wellbeing. Some people even face from high levels of depressive symptoms. Symptoms Underlying pathophysiology Shortness of breath Shortness of breath, which is associated to the early stage of exertion. Difficulty in breathing is related to the recumbent position due to the augmentation of the venous return to the heart (Kemp Conte, 2012). Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea can be caused by the pulmonary congestion with the accumulated fluid in the alveolar and the institial spaces developing pulmonary edema. Lack of appetite and nausea Fluid buildup around the liver and the gut can interfere with the process of digestion that may cause changes in the appetite (Katz Konstam, 2012). Nausea is a complex act that needs central neurologic coordination. The neurologic coordination of the components of nausea is provided by the emetic center. The onset of nausea can also be due to the changes in the hormonal levels of arginine vasopressin (Cowie Poole-Wilson, 2013). Sleeping disorders and nocturia Accumulation of the extra fluid s may increase the rate of urination at night leading to sleeping disorders (Sobotka et al., 2013). Some finds it difficult to sleep without sitting upright. Renal perfusion may increase when the patient is in a supine position as when a patient lies down the blood that has been accumulated in the extremities return back to the heart and the cardiac output increases (Sobotka et al., 2013). Compared to the daytime. The augmented cardiac output perfuses the kidney to produce more urine for decreasing the work load of the heart. Swelling of ankles Edema in congestive heart failure is due to the activation of a number of humoral and non humoral mechanisms promoting re-absorption of the sodium and water by the kidneys and the expansion of the extracellular fluid (Kemp Conte, 2012). As the right ventricle of the heart begins to fail fluid begins to collect in the feet (Kemp Conte, 2012). Fatigue Fatigue during congestive heart failure is mainly caused due to the reduced cardiac output. CHF is linked with the disruptive perfusion of the vital organs, vasoconstrictive drive and diversion of the blood flow away from the skin and muscle circulations. This diversion causes muscular fatigue. Reduced oxygen delivery can fatigue and exhaustion (Mebazaa et al., 2015). Common classes of drugs Furosemide is a diuretic drug that is normally used for eliminating the water and salt from the body (Bikdeli et al., 2013). It is used against the accumulation of the fluid in the blood. It inhibits the re-absorption of the water in the nephron by the blockage of the potassium- chloride co-transporters (NKCC22) in the Henle's loop of the nephron. This mainly occurs due to the competitive inhibition occurring in the chloride binding site of the cotransporter (Felker Mentz, 2012). It prevents the transport of the sodium from the Henle's loop in the basolateral interstitium. As a result the lumen becomes hypertonic and the interstitium becomes less hypertonic, diminishing the osmotic gradient for the absorption of the water in the nephron. The salt, water and other molecules are normally filtered out of the blood in the kidneys and the filtered fluid ultimately becomes the urine (Bikdeli et al., 2013). The sodium, chloride that has been filtered out of the blood is reabsorbed in the b lood and before the conversion of the filtered fluid in to urine. Furosemide blocks the absorption of sodium, chloride and water from the filtered fluid from the kidney leading to a profound increase of urine. Thus this medicine can be used to cure the edema in the patient with CHF and fluid retention (Felker Mentz, 2012). ACE inhibitors like lisinopril, can be used for patients having CHF, as Angiostenin converting enzymes reduce the formation of the heart damaging hormones (McMurray et al., 2013). It dilates the blood vessels to lower the blood pressure in order to lessen the heart workload. It helps in blocking the formation of angiostenin II, which narrows the blood vessels and increases the blood pressure. It works by controlling the activity of the renin- angiostenin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS controls the bllod pressure fluctuations. Renin in secreted in the juxtaglomerular structure of the kidney and this then produces the angieostenin. The angiostenin is converted in to angiostenin II by the ACE which increases the fluid retention and increased blood pressure. The ACE inhibitor blocks the conversion of the angiostenin I to angeostenin II. Thus it can be considered as a suitable class of medication for Mrs Mackenzie (McMurray et al., 2013). Nursing care strategies: - At the time of admission a registered nurse should first evaluate and treat the precipitating factors that have caused the heart failure right after the admission the patient, the cardiac status of the patients should be evaluated by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram (Krim et al., 2015). The immediate drug that can be administered right after the hospital admissions are furosemide, ethacrynic acid in order to inhibit the reabsorption of the sodium , potassium and the chloride from the Henle's loop (Australian heart Foundation, 2018). Nurses should be careful regarding the dosing of the diuretics, as it is vital in maintaining the normal volume status in patients with heart failure. After the initiation of the diuretics, there should be a careful monitoring of the hemodynamics (Krim et al., 2015). Bed rest is necessary during the hospital admission for improving the diuresis, physical therapy with early ambulation is required in the first 24 hours of the admission. Foley catheter can be used if the accurate assessment of urine cannot be done due to factors such as incontinence (Krim et al., 2015). The volume status should be assessed at least once in a day, including the assessment of the peripheral edema, ascites, jugular venous pressure, hepatimegaly and body weight (Feltner et al., 2014). The symptoms should be reevaluated and focus should be given on the symptoms that triggered the hospital admission. There should be a close monitoring of the vital signs in order to see the effects of diuretics in hypotension and urine output (Bradley et al., 2013). The renal output and the balance in the electrolytes should be maintained in order to ensure the replacements of the electrolytes. At the time of the admission all the guideline directed therapies should be assessed and evaluated and should be adjusted depending on the patient's condition (Bradley et al., 2013). Beta blockers and ACE Inhibitors can be used to allow diuresis and perfusion of the target organs (Feltner et al., 2014). ARBs can be used in patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors. The nurses should be cautious wh ile applying the Beta blockers to the patients who have taken inotropic therapy at the time of their index hospitalisation and those with newly diagnosed cardiac failure (Bradley et al., 2013). Reduced cardiac output, decreased ambulation increases the risk of thromboembolic events. In order to mitigate the risk, thromboembolism prophylaxis has to be administered to the patients (Feltner et al., 2014). Nurses should ausculate the breathe sound frequently for any crackles or wheezes, assess the bowel sounds for visceral congestion can change the intestinal function and hence any signs of anorexia should be reported. Nurses should encourage the patient to verbalize the feelings (Mebazaa et al., 2015). The abdomen should be palpated and any reports of right upper quadrant pain and tenderness should be reported (Feltner et al., 2014). The dietician should be consulted with for providing the necessary diet to the patient that meets her caloric needs within restricted sodium level. Nurses should be able to provide a holistic care approach to the patient, which involves provision of a calm and quite environment, helping the patient to manage stressful conditions, listen and respon d to their feelings (Rustad et al., 2012). References Alt, E. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,777,851. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Australian Foundation, T. (2018). Heart attack treatment. The Heart Foundation. Retrieved 24 March 2018, from https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/after-my-heart-attack/heart-attack-treatment Bikdeli, B., Strait, K. M., Dharmarajan, K., Partovian, C., Coca, S. G., Kim, N., ... Krumholz, H. M. (2013). Dominance of furosemide for loop diuretic therapy in heart failure: time to revisit the alternatives?. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 61(14), 1549-1550. Bradley, E. H., Curry, L., Horwitz, L. I., Sipsma, H., Wang, Y., Walsh, M. N., ... Krumholz, H. M. (2013). Hospital strategies associated with 30-day readmission rates for patients with heart failure. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 6(4), 444-450. Cowie, M. R., Poole-Wilson, P. A. (2013). Pathophysiology of heart failure. In Essential cardiology (pp. 327-345). Springer, New York, NY. Dib, J. E., Matin, S. A., Luckert, A. (2012). Prehospital use of continuous positive airway pressure for acute severe congestive heart failure. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 42(5), 553-558. Felker, G. M., Mentz, R. J. (2012). Diuretics and ultrafiltration in acute decompensated heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(24), 2145-2153. Feltner, C., Jones, C. D., Cen, C. W., Zheng, Z. J., Sueta, C. A., Coker-Schwimmer, E. J., ... Jonas, D. E. (2014). Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 160(11), 774-784. Katz, A. M., Konstam, M. A. (2012). Heart failure: pathophysiology, molecular biology, and clinical management. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kemp, C. D., Conte, J. V. (2012). The pathophysiology of heart failure. Cardiovascular Pathology, 21(5), 365-371. Krim, S. R., Campbell, P. T., Desai, S., Mandras, S., Patel, H., Eiswirth, C., Ventura, H. O. (2015). Management of Patients Admitted with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. The Ochsner Journal, 15(3), 284289. McMurray, J. J., Packer, M., Desai, A. S., Gong, J., Lefkowitz, M. P., Rizkala, A. R., ... Zile, M. R. (2014). Angiotensinneprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(11), 993-1004. Mebazaa, A., Yilmaz, M. B., Levy, P., Ponikowski, P., Peacock, W. F., Laribi, S., ... McDonagh, T. (2015). Recommendations on pre?hospital early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Society of Emergency Medicine and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. European journal of heart failure, 17(6), 544-558. Rustad, J. K., Stern, T. A., Hebert, K. A., Musselman, D. L. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with congestive heart failure: a review of the literature. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 15(4). Sobotka, P. A., Krum, H., Bhm, M., Francis, D. P., Schlaich, M. P. (2012). The role of renal denervation in the treatment of heart failure. Current cardiology reports, 14(3), 285-292.

Write a creative writing piece free essay sample

Its as though youre in a perfect world where nothing goes wrong and you never want to close your eyes, but you do close our eyes and you do realize that this beautiful country is suffering from starvation, malnutrition, poverty and racism. You sometimes wonder how it could be possible when you see how Joyful and appreciative Kenya people are. I have spent many days observing the animals, watching them find the necessities of our human day-to-day life; for example finding food and water.This tropical terrain Illustrates how animals In the wild do things very differently to those In an enclosed sanctuary. My Journey was about to take an unexpected turn. It would become a tremendously memorable experience. During my observation of wildlife I encountered an extraordinary family of baboons and I watched in fascination how they live life in the wild. Swinging through the trees, tearing down branches as they move. We will write a custom essay sample on Write a creative writing piece or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The smaller baboons stay closer to the ground.One actually began to walk alongside where I was hiding, when suddenly a branch came crashing down, sending debris flying around the Jungle. They began screeching and beating their chests In commotion. The smallest of their clan was under the branches, very close to where I was. I stepped out carefully. I could hear the baby crying and I knew that If I didnt do mouthing my Journey would be pointless. I started to move the branches carefully one by one, ignoring the baboons squealing above me in the treetops. Soon I saw a small hand moving around in some leaves.I put my hand out and the tiny fingers held my thumb. Moving more of the branches I saw the baby, it had been very badly hurt. If I didnt help it, it would surely die. I picked him up and looked him in the eye. He stopped crying. As I looked into its innocent eyes, I realized why Kenya people who live in this magical kingdom dont seem to be overly concerned about the issues heir country has to go through. Being in this wonderful wilderness and having come in close contact with these most amazing creatures makes you forget everything thats happening around you.What was I going to do with a baby baboon? I couldnt Just leave It here. It had a broken leg and cuts all over its little face. It was in serious pain. It needed medical Where do I take it? In which direction should I walk? There are so many questions. I thought for a while. This was my fate. I decided my Journey would be incomplete if I left the baby baboon to die. I would feel so guilty and I probably wouldnt be able to forgive myself. I packed my bag and said good-bye to this most remarkable wilderness and headed south. I had this strange feeling in my stomach.I Just couldnt work out what it was. Maybe it was the unfamiliar sense of determination that I had to save this baby baboon. I wrapped it carefully in my Jacket to keep it warm and secure. Finally the precious creature in my care went to sleep. I walked for what seemed liked hours in the hot sun, my mind wandering. I rested occasionally in the shade of the large plane trees scattered along the terrain. When oer in a country like this you have so much time to think, to think about absolutely everything there is to think about.Finally I came upon a dirt road. In the distance I could see mud huts on the outskirts of a town. They looked familiar. I had been here before. Was this Macaque? I quickened my step. My heart started to beat faster. As I approached the township, I knew this part of my Journey was almost at an end. A single tear trickled down my dusty cheek. I looked down at the baby in my arms. It slowly opened its huge brown eyes. I smiled and whispered Mate, help is not too far away now, hold on there.

Inspiration from Anywhere

INSPIRATION FROM ANYWHERE As I missed my international flight home to Houston from Trinidad today, I was suddenly struck with an inspiration. Writers can find their muse anywhere at any time. Now, you may be wondering why being stuck at a foreign airport alone with absolutely no money and no lay of the land could inspire this thought in my mind. But just think about it. I’m sitting here, computer on my lap, just tapping away at the keys. Doesn’t matter that I’m in a place completely unfamiliar to me or that I’m completely clueless as to where I’ll lay my head tonight. It’s just me and the keyboard spending some good quality time together. So while I’m here at the airport with a whole lot of nothing to do, I’d like to take these moments to give you some ideas about where you can find inspiration for your own writing. Remember back to things that made you happy in your childhood. Do you recall the first time you ever rode your bike, or the time Santa left the toy you had wanted so badly under the tree? Did you play dress up in your grandmother’s attic or sell lemonade on a hot summer day? Memories like these formed you as a person, and they are the perfect way to dig deep when you feel your writing has lost some of its meaning. Take in the scenery around you. Write about the gorgeous nature (or lack thereof) that resides around you. Watch people as they walk by – each of them unique in character and offering something special to the world. The diversity that is found in all things is a wonderful way to open your eyes (and pen) to new content. Get out. Do you ever feel stuck in the same routine? Do something different. Go somewhere different. Take a drive, go salsa dancing on a Tuesday, sit in the sand at the beach, and hike in the mountains. Simply remove yourself from the norm that is your life, and don’t act surprised when inspiration finds you out of your element. Read. Read books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, blogs, articles, or whatever else tickles your fancy. Open your eyes to the way others interpret the world through writing, and inspiration may come right out and smack you in the face. What inspires you? We’d love to hear.

Militarization of the US Mexico Broder essays

Militarization of the US Mexico Broder essays Militarization of the U.S. Mexico Border  ¡Corranle, allà ­ viene la migra!, translated into English, this means Run, there comes immigration! This is what illegal immigrants shout everyday when they are about to cross the Rio Grande in search for better lives. Unfortunately, not many get through alive because of the militarization that has developed on the U.S. border with Mexico. Operation Rio Grande continues a process put in motion over a century ago by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. It tries to erase the reality of a social geographical order that defies neat national divisions and impose a narrow notion of citizenship on people on both sides of the international boundary. In the process, the U.S., like all countries to varying degrees, elevates national citizenship to a position of primacy and lessens the inherent humanity of those on the wrong side of the social and territorial boundaries. Operation Rio Grande, launched in August 1997, in Brownsville, Texas, was a special multi-year operation designed to gain and maintain control of specific border areas through a combination of new technology and additional staffing. At the start of the operation, 69 Border Patrol agents were detailed to Brownsville to intensify existing enforcement effort. In September of that same year, the Border Patrol deployed special response teams to those ports-of-entry where increased numbers of fraudulent entry was expected. In the Fiscal Year of 1998, 260 new Border Patrol agents were added to the McAllen Sector and 205 to the Laredo Sector. An important feature of Operation Rio Grande has been the integration of a broad range of INS enforcement operations. Studies show that the crime rate in Brownsville alone dropped by more than 20% in 1998. (U.S. INS) The origins of the U.S. Mexico boundary are to be found in the imperial competition between Spain, France, and Britain for possessions in North Amer...

Contemporary problem with ( Sales Ethics ) Literature review

Contemporary problem with ( Sales Ethics ) - Literature review Example Ferrell, Fraedrich, & L. Ferrell, 2012, p.5). Ethical issues related to sales are one area which has been neglected in most of the organizations. However it is discernible that a major percentage of the employees in an organization are involved in sales activities of the organizations. Sales people are the direct contact point with the customers of the company. Hence the ethical issues related to sales are to be dealt with correctly by the company management people. The importance of ethics in sales, various ethical issues related to sales and its consequences on the organization have all been discussed in this study. Finally some recommendations have been discussed which could solve these problems and issues related to sales ethics. Ethics can be defined as the code of conduct followed by any individual according to the activities by him in the organization he is working for. It helps in deciding upon what is wrong or right in a particular situation (Ingram, et al., 2007, p.45). Salespeople are indulged in various ethical issues in an organization. It is the sales team who are significantly exposed to ethical pressures compared to any other professionals (Spiro, 2007, p.469). A salesperson might be involved in selling certain product to its customer which he may not satisfy its requirement. In order to sale a product successfully a salesperson might be indulged in activities of exaggerating the benefits offered by a product or service (Ingram, et al., 2012, p.38). The function of sales in an organization is considered to perform under a typical ethical culture or subculture within the companys ethical culture as a whole. It thus results in influencing managers and its associates in a company. Consequently it he lps in the creation of conditions or situations that either permits or limits misconduct. There may be

Landscape Artists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Landscape Artists - Essay Example This pattern seems to mirror his conservative attitude towards nature: that introducing another life form may no longer be necessary, or even appear destructive, which probably explains why he rarely juxtaposes humans with trees. Inness, on the other hand, doesn’t seem to mind. His own definition of nature is broad enough to even include houses. In fact, in his â€Å"Albanersee, Italien,† he painted what seems to be a recreational area with humans strolling around who are, like him, enjoying nature’s splendor. He seems to suggest that animals, including humans, go hand in hand with nature towards a harmonious coexistence. We could tell from their works that both painters admire nature so much that they want it captured in their paintings in meticulous detail. Otherwise, they would not stay that long in the landscape and realism genre. Rousseau’s works, however, are mostly gloomy, evoking a sense of romantic melancholy to the beholder. Solitude, his favorite theme, is expressed by painting trees standing alone or unusually taller than the other accessory figures so that anyone staring at his canvass would immediately notice such isolation. Darkness usually dominates his works, depicting either sunset or cloudy skies, seemingly to warn danger looming ahead. But Inness is just the opposite, painting clear skies suggesting a fine weather, which also evokes feelings opposite to the kind Rousseau attempts to bring. Inness’s paintings are mostly bright and sunny, with animals and humans that seem to be enjoying nature’s hospitality. In this sense, his paintings look more inviting to the human eye, provoking viewers to look further into the minute details. But in fairness to Rousseau, his masterpieces are successful in bringing intense emotion to the viewers. I admire him for that, as it takes a grea t deal of creativity to express beauty while attempting to elicit a

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Thru ought the story To Kill a Mockingbird there are lots of important characters. But there is one specific family everyone is curious about; the Radley family. There were only four inhabitants of their household Mr. and Mrs. Radley, Boo, and Nathan Radley. Everyone wondered what they would do in their house? Mrs. Radley only came out to sweep the porch, Nathan only came out to get groceries and to help when Miss Maudie’s house was burning down, and Boo only comes out when he supposedly give Scout the blanket when Miss Maudie’s house is burning down and at the end when the most significant part when he comes out and help Scout and Jem escape from Mr. Ewell. But like Atticus said, â€Å"you never really know a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † The Radley house was described as â€Å"The remains of a picket drunkenly guarded the front yard-a â€Å"swept† yard that was never swept-where Johnson grass and rabbit-tobacco grew in abundance. † (Page 8) This is what I pictured the house to look like but with more trees and weed blocking the place because Boo never came out. Nathan only came back to live with his family so he can take care of his sick mom. Mr. Radley only came out to get groceries. And Mrs. Radley only came out for a mid-morning coffee break with her neighbors. They weren’t religious in anyway, you could never find them at church or in a missionary circle. Mr. Radley to my imagination and character analysis was pictured as protective. My favorite quotation that both describe Mr. and Mrs. Radley is the one where Dolphus Raymond speaks to Scout and Dill outside the courtroom. He says, â€Å"I try to give ‘em a reason, you see. It helps folks if they can latch onto a reason. . . He can’t help himself, that’s why he lives the way he does. † (Page 200) This quote describes the Radley parents so well to me because in the beginning of the book the narrator, Scout, talks about how Arthur Radley at once became friends and started causing raucous around Maycomb County. Eventually, they Cunningham boys and Arthur got into some trouble and had to go to jail. Arthur’s dad was there to back him up all the way, he had bailed him out of jail and begged the judge to let him go promising him that his son wouldn’t cause anymore trouble. So, after that the Radleys’ stayed inside a whole lot except to get the necessities they needed and this quote reminded me of the Radleys’ because they maybe just gave people a reason to think they stayed inside was because of their son. Maybe it wasn’t really because of that.

Vocabulary Component Of Language

Vocabulary Component Of Language Vocabulary is an important component of language knowledge because without knowing lots of vocabulary students will get difficulty when they express their ideas. As Zhihong (2000:18) said, Without a sufficient vocabulary, one cannot communicate effectively or express ideas. It means that having limited vocabulary might cause difficulty for students as foreign language learners to communicate with others and express their ideas. They might be stuck when using the language. According to Luppescu and Day (1993: 266), Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning English because people with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. In other words, when students have lots of vocabulary, they can communicate relatively well than those who lack of vocabulary. Thus, students should have enough English vocabulary in order to be able to undertake their studies successfully. Having lots of English vocabulary is important for anyone who wants to use the language. Decarrico (2001: 205) states, Vocabulary learning is central to language acquisition, whether first, second, or foreign. It means that learning vocabulary is the prior component that must be given to the students during their study of the language. They must he exposed with the vocabulary of the language they are studying. Thus, teachers are expected to develop their students r I 2 vocabulary by giving them the techniques or strategies of learning vocabulary. In the same fashion, students are also expected to have their own strategies in learning vocabulary. According to August and her colleagues (available at pwww.readinrockets.orWarticle/9943), vocabulary learning strategies include: Dictionary use In this strategy, learners can find multiple word meanings as well as importance of choosing the appropriate definition to fit the particular context. Morphemic Analysis This strategy is the process of deriving a words meaning by analyzing its meaningful parts or morphemes. Such word parts include root words, prefixes and suffixes. Contextual Analysis It involves inferring the meaning of an unfamiliar word by scrutinizing the text surrounding it. Instruction in contextual analysis generally involves teaching students to employ both generic and specific types of context clues. They also suggest several strategies that appear to be especially valuable for building the vocabularies of English Language Learners. These strategies include taking advantage of students first language if the language shares cognates with English, teaching the meaning of basic words, and providing sufficient review and reinforcement. Based on the several strategies given above, it can be said that vocabulary learning strategies are specific actions taken by the learner to make 3 learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations. Nation (1986:3) has listed 3,000 high-frequency English words and recommends these words as the basis of selection and order of vocabulary in teaching English at schools. He said that the learners of English as a foreign language need to master a productive knowledge and receptive knowledge of 1,000 and 2,000 high-frequency words. These skills will enable learners to communicate their ideas in the language they are studying whether in oral or written. Nurweni and Read (1999: 161) conducted the study in Lampung and discovered that students had some knowledge of 1226 English words. They also cited several researches: Quin (1968) conducted a vocabulary size of High School students graduated in Salafga and discovered that the subjects knew less than 1,000 of the most frequent English words after six years of study in high school and another study conducted by Suwarno Kartini (1998) in Bengkulu, they discovered that the students knew around 2,000 of the high-frequency words. All of the researches were about the vocabulary size of Indonesian learners especially students of High School (University level); the result showed that their vocabulary knowledge was still limited. The recent researches about vocabulary knowledge were conducted by Karwuur (2005) and Kurniawati (2004:ii). Karwuur conducted her research by analyzing the junior high schools English textbooks. She analyzed three English textbooks used by junior high school levels and discovered that those books 4 contain 1196 high-frequency words out of 2000 high-frequency words listed in Nation (1986:10-80). Kurniawati conducted a study of vocabulary knowledge of junior high school stuqents in several state junior high schools in Jakarta and discovered that the students were estimated to know 819 words receptively and 409 words productively out of 1,000 and 2,000 vocabulary levels. In Indonesia, English is a compulsory subject for students from elementary school to university level. As stated in the 1999 English Curriculum, students of junior high school are expected to have good language skills so that they are able to communicate well. Based on it, students in Junior High School level are expected to cover 1,000 words. From all the research above, there has not been any research yet to discover the vocabulary size ofjunior high school based on English textbooks. The explanation above inspired the researcher to find out more about the size of students English vocabulary at Junior High School in Jakarta based on the vocabulary found in their textbooks used at Junior High School level. 1.2 Problem Statement Based on the background of the study above, the researcher is interested in finding out the number of words known by the students of Junior High School based on their textbooks. The research question of this study is formulated as follow: How much is the size of the junior high school students knowledge of the English vocabulary learned from their textbooks? 5 1.3 Target Population The population of my research is Junior High School (SMP) level students. From this population, the sample for this particular survey is the third level of SMP students. They are students who are taken from several private schools in Jakarta. 1.4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to investigate the English vocabulary size of Junior High School students, especially those from private schools in Jakarta. .1.5 Limitation of the study This study is limited to third graders junior high school students located in Jakarta. The number of the students included is 311 students. 1.6 Weaknesses of the Study The researcher realized that this study has some weaknesses. Among them are: This study is emphasized only in English vocabulary size There is no clear border between receptive and productive competence in order to measure vocabulary size ofjunior high school students 6 The time taken is limited because the population was being prepared for the National examination, so that the researcher has limited time to take the data needed. 1.7 Benefit of the Study Hopefully, this study gives information about the vocabulary size ofjunior high school students. It is expected that the information is useful as an input for English teachers to know their students English achievement especially their vocabulary. Thus, the teacher might be able to prepare the lesson with good techniques and strategies in order to lead the students more interested and motivated in expanding their vocabulary, especially the high-frequency words and studying English. C 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, vocabulary in language learning will be firstly discussed, followed by testing vocabulary, then vocabulary selection and kinds of vocabulary size test. Finally, measuring vocabulary size will be explained in the last part of this chapter. 2.1. Vocabulary in Language Learning Coady and Hicklin (1997:5) stated that, Vocabulary is central to language and of critical important to the typical language learner. Zhang Xi (1992:3 3) also says that, Mastering vocabulary is an important aspect of learning a language. It can be concluded that vocabulary is very crucial for the language learners to acquire and master. In English learning process vocabulary is still quite difficult for students to acquire new or unfamiliar words. In fact, if the students do not know enough words, it is impossible for students to understand ideas to express their thought. As Luppescu Day (1993:265) said, Building a large vocabulary is essential when learning language because learners with large vocabularies are more proficient than those with limited vocabularies. It means that students will succeed if they have much vocabulary because they know what should they speak, write and they can comprehend what they hear and read. It is also supported by Anderson and Freebody (1981: 77), Voc abulary knowledge is an excellent predictor of general language ability. In the language use, vocabulary becomes n 8 important to them so it must be paid attention by both teachers and students. In this case teachers have many roles in the process of teaching and learning vocabulary because not only the meaning of words but also the words knowledge whereas the students should be active in learning process. Harmer (199 1:242) states that, In playing the role of facilitating, the teacher should always be ready to offer help if it is needed and is available whenever the students wish to consult them. Thus, the teacher should make a good plan in teaching English especially vocabulary and prepare the lesson by using an interesting method. Courtright and Wesolek in their research report (2001:3) indicate that, It is an importance to incorporate interactive vocabulary activities into English classes. It can be designed to fulfill the following purposes: 1. Exposure (concept of clarifying word meaning and illustrate appropriate usage) 2. Expansion (concept of using the appropriate word form in context) 3. Expression (concept of demonstrating word knowledge in either oral or written original expression using the target words) While each of the three purposes should be covered at each level of language proficiency, the proportion of class time spent on activities for each purpose will vary according to the level of the students. At beginning levels like junior high school students for example, teachers tend to spend more time clarifying the meaning or exposing the students to the words and refining usage. Moreover the material and interesting media selection need to be given more .9 attention to the teachers as a facilitator in the learning process in order to increase the students vocabulary size. In the learning process, the goal of learning plays an important role in the main point. As stated in the English curriculum ofjunior high school (Depdiknas 1999) that the goal of vocabulary learning of Junior high school student who use English as a foreign language is to prepare themselves with vocabulary that can be used in expressing idea and communicating with other people. Furthermore, they are also expected to master 1,000 words. The curriculum states both the number of words which should be acquired and the list of words that should be taught. In the other words, junior high school students are provided with the amount of vocabulary which is classified into some topics. Based on this reason, students need to prepare themselves with a good language skill in order.to be able to communicate their ideas in the target language both oral and written. According to the foreign language teaching methodology, linguistic competence is generally categorized into skills that refer to both receptive competence (listening and reading) and productive competence (speaking and writing). As cited by Herudjati and Hendarti (2004:v), The crucial role of teachers is to help students master the target language. It means that the process of mastering the target language, the students need teachers role to fulfill final purpose of the learning language. In this case, the teachers as both motivators and facilitators must be wisely motivated, facilitated, and encouraged students to improve their productive competence. Thus the teachers role is very important to I I 10 motivate their students in learning vocabulary especially to stimulate the students in producing their vocabulary whether in oral or written language. Besides teachers role, textbook usage is also one of important factors to support the learning process. According to Kizilirmak (1991 :47)The textbook, after all, is the main resource of the material for most language teachers. It was also agreed by Karwuur(2005:i3), that textbook is one of the teaching materials which is the most accessible and effective for most teachers to support their teaching programs. Thus, the students achievement should be considered with the role of the textbook usage during the learning process. From the theory above, this study will be focused on the students vocabulary achievement based on their textbooks target. 2.2 Testing Vocabulary According to Novozhilova (Available at: jip://www. natek.freenet.kz/novozhilova.html), Testing is an important part of every teaching and learning experience. Well-made test of English can help students in at least two ways. First, such tests can help create positive attitudes toward the ciass. Second, English tests can benefit students is by helping them master the language. Properly, made English test can help create positive attitudes toward instruction by giving students a sense of accomplishment and a feeling that the teachers evaluation of them matches what he has taught them. It is also agreed by Nation (1999:8). He said that testing usually has two effects: (1) It provides information for the teacher and learners; (2) it influences the teachers I 11 and learners attitudes. That is, testing can encourage learning and arouse interest in it. Besides those effects of the testing above, good English tests also help students to learn the language by requiring them to study hard, emphasizing course objectives, and showing them where they need to improve. In other word, the result of tests can help teachers answer the important question Have I been effective in my teaching? It means that the tests can be used to diagnose our own efforts as well as those of our students. Then, test is beneficial for students, teachers, and even administrators by confirming progress that has been made and showing how can best redirect our future efforts. In addition, good test can sustain or enhance class morale and aid learning. Test of language sub skills do not show exactly how well a person uses English, but they can help teachers diagnose students strengths and weaknesses in oral or written communication. Generally, language tests are simply instruments or procedures for gathering particular kinds of information, typically information related with students language abilities. In this case, the test of vocabulary is used to diagnose areas of student needs or sources of learning difficulties, to reflect on the effectiveness of materials and activities, and to encourage students involvement in the learning progress for further classroom- based applications of language test. Novozhiiova adds that the reasons for testing can be identified as follows: 1. Testing tells teachers what students can or cannot do-in order words, tests show the teachers how successful their teaching has been. It provides I 12 wash-back from them to adjust and change course content and teaching style where necessary. 2. Testing tells students how well they are progressing. This may stimulate them to take learning more seriously. 3. By identifying students strength and weaknesses, testing can help identify areas for remedial work. 4. Testing will help evaluate the effectiveness of the program, course-books, material, and methods. Thus, teaching and testing are two inseparable aspects of the teachers task. They have an essential role in developing the students communicative competence. 2.3 Vocabulary Selection Vocabulary selection is related to the materials in used to enrich and develop students vocabulary. According to Read (2000:148) Vocabulary size test is merely samples of items representing their perspective frequency level, not words that are of interest in their own right. It means that to select the vocabulary that will be tested, the test taker must consider to the criteria of vocabulary selection. Karwuur (2005:10) notes that the selection of vocabulary should be based on the learners needs and the consideration of whether it is useful to them or not. Not to be different from them, Richards (200 1:7) said that there are two major criteria that should be considered by the teacher in selecting and organizing vocabulary from the classroom, they are; frequency and range of words. It is also 13 agreed by Nation (1990: 18-19) that frequency and range of the words are the main criteria in making selection of vocabulary for teaching learning in a class. Moreover, vocabulary selection is also related to direct and indirect vocabulary learning. In direct vocabulary learning, the students do exercises and activity that focus their attention on vocabulary. Word-building exercises, guessing word from context, learning word in lists, and vocabulary games are included in direct vocabulary learning. In indirect vocabulary learning the students attention is focused in some other feature such as message that is conveyed by a speaker or writer. As cited in Nation (1999:2), Krashen (1981 a) said that those arethe input theory of language learning. Nation (1999:3) also states that there are four ways in selecting vocabulary. They are as follows: I. Material is prepared with vocabulary learning as a consideration. In this case the selection and grading of vocabulary has been given a lot of attention before the course begins. 2. Words are dealt with as they happen to occur. It means that if an unknown word appears in the reading passage, the teacher gives some attention to it at the moment it causes a problem. 3. Vocabulary is taught in connection with other language activities. In other words, it should be concerned with real life. 4. Time is spent either in class or out of school. From all the ways above it can be said that selecting words is not an easy thing to do because there are not only some aspects determining the vocabulary I 14 selection but also the curriculum guidance on English subject coveriiig the words should be taught and which should be left out. Having good enough vocabulary influences the students in some ways: they understand what they read, what they hear, what they want to say, and write. Because vocabulay is an important component in language learning, it is used in all ianguage skiHs whether in reading, listening, speaking, or writing. It can not be separated each other. Vocabulary learning in the Junior High School level needs more attentions because according to the previous researches found that the problem ofjunior high school students is they lack of vocabulary so they could have difficulties in both receptive and productive English skills. Therefore, this study focused on the words included in the junior high school textbooks used by the students; the result gained will indicate that the junior high school students have a progress in learning the vocabulary. The textbooks refer to the 1999 curriculum guidance. 2.4 Types of Vocabulary Size Test Based on the frequency and the word range, Nation (2002:6) divided vocabulary into 4 groups. They are: I. High frequency words High frequency words are words that occur frequently in running text or speech of the native speaker. These words are very important so the students should be familiar with those words. 15 2. Academic words The academic words are the words that used in the common academic text. 3. Technical words These words are closely related to the topic discussed. 4. Low frequency words These kind of words are included all the words that are not high frequency words, not academic words and not technical words for a particular subject. He also says that the word-frequency counts help teachers and course designers in several ways. (a) They can help a teacher develop a feeling about which words are useful and should be given attention and which are infrequent. (b) They can provide a principled basis for developing words list for teaching, for designing graded courses and reading texts, and for preparing vocabulary test. (c) Where frequency counts give information on range, they are also useful for developing specialized words list. Thus, the vocabulary for the junior high school students that useful is high-frequency words which have a wide range. The test is very important in order to know the students progressive and the teacher effectiveness in teaching learning process. There are several types of test that can be used to test the vocabulary size: I. Multiple choice test Cross the choice that gives the best meaning of the word A tome 1. a rough split 2. a pain in the back 16 3. a large, heavy book 4. a type of horse 2. Yes/No or checklist test Tick the words you know explore achieve _____ survive _______ environment ______ 3. Translation test Translate the underline word into your first language. A bird has two wings. 4. Matching items original private complete royal first slow not public sorry total Those types of vocabulary test have the advantages and disadvantages. According to Nation (2001:81), they are: Multiple-choice items Multiple-choice items are difficult and need more time to make it but they are very quick and easy to score if the answers are clear. The test takers performance is too dependent on the choice of distracters and they tend to guess the answer. 17 2. The Y/N or checklist items Are easy to make and score but this tent to make the test taker overestimate of their vocabulary knowledge. 3.. Translation items The translation test are easy to produce and they ask the students to perform a task which is equal to what they do when reading or listening, but the scoring can be complicated and scorer need to know the students mother tongue. 4. Matching items The matching items are quick and easy to produce but it gives the test taker an opportunity to guess whey they answer. There are several types of test to measure students vocabulary size. In choosing the suitable test type, the principles suggested by Nation (2001:345) are: 1. The test has plenty of items. 2. The test item type requires the learner to use the kind of vocabulary knowledge that wants to be tested. 3. The test is easy to make, mark, and interpret, and has good effect on the learning and teaching. After the purposes and uses of the testing have been decided, the next point to consider is what kinds of information have to be known. In this case, to know the vocabulary size of the junior high school students, the researcher gave a test used to measure their vocabulary. Considering all the types of vocabulary size tests presented above, this study used translation test as a tool to measure 18 students vocabulary size. In this test, the students are expected to translate the target words given. As Rebecca (1990: 84) stated that, Translating can be helpful strategy early in language learning, as long as it is used with care. In this test, the students are allowed to use their own language as the basis for understanding what they hear or read in the new language. Thus, the English vocabulary size ofjunior high school students will be obtained. 19 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter incLudes research objective, the research methodology, the subjects of the study, target vocabulary, techniques of data collection method, and data analysis. 3.1. Research Objective The aim of this research is to find out whether the students have the adequate vocabulary size. In order to know the size of the students vocabulary knowledge, the translation test was employed. The test is intended to measure how much the junior high school students know the vocabulary they learned from their English textbooks. 3.2. Research Methodology The methodology used in this research is survey. As stated on the website available at http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/survey.htm), survey research is one of the most important areas of measurement in applied social research. The broad area of survey research encompasses any measurement procedures that involve asking questions of respondents. In survey, the samples are highly preferred a big class. Denscombe (1992:22) stated that being enhanced representative of the samples and allows greater confidence to making generalization use the large sample. 20 I 3.3. Subject of the study Subjects in this study were private Junior High School students in Jakarta. The subjects were taken from nine different private schools in Jakarta by using a purposive random sampling. The researcher took 9 schools out of 685 schools. The selection was based on their achievement in the national exam score. First, the researcher selected three private schools randomly that had the highest national exam score and classified them as high-level private schools. Then, the researcher selected another three private schools that had the average national exam score and classified them as medium-level schools. At the last, the researcher selected three private schools that had the lowest national exam score and classified them as low-level schools. One class was taken as a sample from each school. The main purpose of having high, medium, and low-level is to discover whether there is a significant difference in the achievement of the students vocabulary size learned from their textbooks. 3.4. Target Vocabulary The target vocabulary was taken from the words in English textbooks for Junior High School. Before the sample was taken, the words were edited. Function words like the, a, to, in, that were not included in the test of this kind of words; articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc.- are called as function words and seen as the grammar of the language. Thus the researcher sets out to test vocabulary by focusing on the content words as the target words. 21 The target vocabularies were selected from 2235 words which are used in Junior High School English textbooks. Following Thorndike and Lorges method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ of estimating vocabulary size as cited by Nation (1990:76), the researcher selected every tenth word of the lists after the function words were elirninated. Consequently, there are 200 words tested to the participants. 3.5. Data Collection method The translation test is employed to collect the data in order to know how many English words were known by the students. In the test, each target word was provided in the sentences which are underlined, then, the students were asked to write the meaning. in Indonesian on the answer sheet provided. The direction was also given in Indonesian. The test consisted of 200 items. Each item consisted of one short-simple sentence in English in which the target word was underlined. The students were asked to write the meaning of the underlined word into Indonesian. The translation test is as follows: VOCABULARY-SIZE TEST FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN JAKARTA Tes mi dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui banyaknya kosakata yang telah saudara kuasai berdasarkan buku bahasa Inggris yang dipakai. Setiap soal terdiri atas satu kalimat yang di dalamnya terdapat satà ¼ kata yang digaris bawahi. Tuliskan makna kata tersebut dalam bahasa Indonesia pada lembar JAWABAN yang telah disediakan. Coba kerjakan tes dibawah mi! 1. She uses a dictionary to check difficult words. 2. The room is dark, 3. She gave you an example. 22 There are two points in collecting the data, here are as follows: 3.5.1. Try Out of the Instrument The pilot study was conducted to calculate the reliability and validity of the test. The try out was calculated by using the Spearman Brown Method. The try out result indicated that the reliability coefficient for translation test is 0,8 8. Thus, it can be said that the test was reliable. The following is the formula of the Spearman Brown method: N-(X)(Y) 2(rXy) r11 = (i+rXy ) Where: r = Pearson r = the sum of score in X-distribution -= the sum of score in Y-distribution >XY = the sum of the products of pairs X- and Y-scores = the sum of the squared scores in X-distribution Y2 = the sum of the squared scores in Y-distribution N = the number of paired X- and Y- scores (subjects) 23 Based on the computation, the result is 0.88, while the rt for N 20 IS 0:44. So the result of the validity and reliability is higher than the critical r. It can be concluded that the test is valid and reliable enough to be used as a test instrument. 3.5.2. Scoring Test The type of the test used in this study is the translation test. It is used to identify whether the students knew the words in the textbooks they use. Following Nurweni and Reads study on vocabulary size of Indonesian university students which also used translation test, there were four possible answers, which were acceptable, they are: I. The answers gave a meaning of the word that was in relation to the context and grammatically correct. 2. The answer which gave a meaning of the word that was in relation with the context but it was grammatically incorrect. 3. The answer gave a meaning of the target word that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammatically correct. 4. The answer gave a meaning that was not in relation with the context but it was one possible meaning of the target word and grammatically incorrect. 24 In this study, the four different types of answer were all accepted as correct. For example: He is pjtin the room with blue colour. The answers might be: mengecat, cat, melukis, lukis. All the answers are considered correct. Every correc

Teen Britain: The shocking Truth(TM) article

Bullying, drugs, alcohol and sex were a few of the issues raised in this article, published on the 27th November 2005 as facing teenagers in today's society. As one of these young adults in our civilisation, I feel that it is my duty to defend myself and others like me in the face of such criticism. Firstly some of the points mentioned in your article I fully understand and agree with. For example, I agree that there are too many teenagers in society who are taking drugs or drinking alcohol whilst roaming our streets. You state that, â€Å"72% of 14 year olds have consumed alcohol†. This growing incidence of alcohol and drug use could also be a factor in the rise of the crime rate. However, I don't think that the press or general public can put all of the blame for this on today's teenagers, their families or the area in which they live. I think that the media has had a part to play in this and so should accept some of the blame. One of the reasons I think this, is that it wasn't so long ago that many newspapers and television documentaries claimed that cannabis didn't have any side effects or create long term damage; however, we are now being told by the media that there are serious side effects to cannabis, such as, that it the effects the quickness of the brain and how well you learn in class. Cannabis is proven to affect concentration spans so therefore pupils will not be able to take as much in during lessons. This may be one of the reasons for teenagers becoming addicted to drugs as they have been given mixed messages about the use and effects of them. In my opinion, the media is to blame for some of the negative behaviour that we are seeing from the teenagers of today. The main reason for my belief is that the media publicise a lot of the bad behaviour of teenagers; for example, young teenagers getting pregnant or drunk. However, I feel that the media very rarely praise teenagers for good behaviour and the achievement of some amazing goals. For example, good exam results, helping charities or helping out at home in difficult situations. Furthermore, some negative teenage behaviour, like smoking and drinking are activities shown on many popular television programmes, such as ‘Footballers Wives' and ‘Bad Girls'. After watching such programmes, some teenagers see these activities as cool and copy what they have watched. The media may also be influencing some teenagers to behave badly, as some of them crave to be famous and they feel that the only way to achieve this ambition is to do something delinquent, as they see these sorts of things getting attention every day. However, the media plays its part in the negative behaviour of teenagers in Britain today, so do a lot of people living in our country and indeed the laws we follow. It isn't the teenagers' fault that they believe that drinking alcohol will not harm them, as this is what they have been led to believe by our new licensing laws; These allow pubs and clubs to open for much longer and therefore make alcohol more readily available. Also the companies that are selling alcohol are partly to blame as they create new drinks which appeal to a younger market by making them taste more like soft drinks. Instead of marketing alcohol to teenagers people should be making young people aware of the dangers of alcohol and binge drinking. Adolescents should be advised to drink in small amounts and not go out binge drinking like these laws may encourage. Your article is extremely negative with its facts. You suggest that a percentage of teenagers have done something disapproving rather than celebrating the percentage of teenagers who have not. For example, instead of saying that â€Å"32% of 14 year olds have had sexual intercourse†, you could have said that 68% of 14 year olds have not had sexual intercourse. By being so negative you make teenagers sound as bad as you can, rather than praising the ones who aren't like this. This makes it far easier for the people reading your article to stereotype teenagers and jump to conclusions; however we are not all like you suggest. Finally, I would like to question the facts and statistics presented in this article as I don't always fully agree. I don't think that you have taken a big enough sample of teenagers in Britain, also I don't think that you have asked teenagers to complete your surveys in enough areas of Britain. Therefore, I question how you can support some of your statements as you seem to are stereotype all teenagers in Britain to be like the few you have spoken to. Would you like someone to go and speak to one or two people in your street and say you were the same as them? No, I didn't think you would. Well, is it fair that you have done this to the teenagers of Britain?

Education in America Essay

Delprà ¸ve 1A) 1. Normally students look forward to go back to school after the summer holidays. There’s missing ing-form in go. It should be going back to school. 2. According to Michelle Obama is education important when you want to plan your own career. Is and education are misplaced and should be swapped. 3. President Obama, which wife has now joined his efforts to improve education, wants the US to have the highest percentage of college graduates by 2020. Which is referred to an object, and therefore which has to be replaced with whose. These are the so called relative pronouns. 4. How much you earn throughout life depends large on your success in school and your education. Large has to be replaced with much. Large is an adjective. 5. A high proportion of American students earn a bachelors degree. The apostrophe is placed before the s to show singular possession. Bachelor’s. 6. The US universities should could help turn around the situation. There are two verbs next to each other, and could should be erased. 7. A low standard of education will result in that American companies cannot compete globally. 8. There was many good points in the speech made by the First Lady. Was should be replaced with were, because many is plural. Delprà ¸ve 1B) 1. The First Lady told the students about Princeton. The students were told about Princeton by the First Lady. 2. The goals of the program reflect the First Lady’s own life. The goals of the program are reflected by the First Lady’s own life. 3. Employers have hired more than 700,000 bachelor’s holders. More than 700.000 bachelor’s holders were hired by Employers. 4. Teachers and educators will assist Obama in achieving his 2020 plan. Obama will be assisted by teachers and educators in achieving his 2020 plan. Delprà ¸ve 1C) I hver af nedenstà ¥ende sà ¦tninger er der understreget forskellige pronomener (stedord). Forklar i hvert enkelt tilfà ¦lde, hvorfor netop dette pronomen (stedord) er valgt. 1. JPMorgan Chase employs nearly 270,000 people, each of whom plays an important role in the success of the firm. â€Å"Whom† is used because it’s referring to the object of a verb. It would for example be wrong to be saying each of they, and not each of them. 2. This is an issue of vital economic importance, and it has clear ramifications for employers who could find it increasingly difficult to access talent in the coming years. Employers are humans and therefore are subjects, which is the reason who is used. 3. Fortunately, there are companies that understand this reality and realize that they are well-positioned to make a difference on this issue by working with nonprofits, policymakers, and other partners. Omitting that would lead to misunderstanding, but both using or omitting it would be correct, but understand should be edited to understanding if to omit that. 4. But she has also been derided by critics who hoped she would use her historic position to move more deeply into policy. â€Å"Critics† is not a living thing and can therefore not be referred to who, and should be replaced by which. 5. Hopefully, the 2020 plan will give opportunities which will benefit young students. â€Å"Which† is used because â€Å"opportunities† is not a living thing. 6. Apparently, too many people who enroll at university fail to graduate which pushes down the graduation rate. The graduation rate is not a living thing, therefore â€Å"which† is used. Delprà ¸ve 1D) Delprà ¸ve 1d Du vil gerne sà ¸ge optagelse pà ¥ California State University for at studere International Business Communication. Du skriver derfor en e-mail til universitetet for at hà ¸re om optagelseskrav, pensum, undervisningsafgifter samt indkvarteringsmuligheder. Skriv e-mailen pà ¥ engelsk og brug alle de nedenstà ¥ende ord og vendinger. Ordene/vendingerne skal bruges som de stà ¥r, men du mà ¥ gerne à ¦ndre pà ¥ rà ¦kkefà ¸lgen og skrive dem med stort begyndelsesbogstav. I din besvarelse skal du understrege de anvendte ord og vendinger. Omfang: 50-100 ord admission, please, campus, information, tuition fee, in addition, look forward to, accommodation Mathias Kjà ¦rgaard California State University International Business Communication Long Beach, 90840 Dear California State University I would like to apply for admission at the campus. In addition to that I’d like to receive some information about the tuition fee and generally about the campus and furthermore how the accommodation will be handled. I look forward to hearing from you! Yours sincerely Mathias Delprà ¸ve 2) Education in America 1 â€Å"Once upon a time, American students tested better than any other students in the world† as it says in Newsweek March 6, 2010. What’s the current scenario? The educational system in America is outdated. The elementary and high schools have suffered from a serious decline in the graduation level. This is something the government at most certain point cannot overlook. Not to mention the children’s future are at risk but America’s future is at stake. How important is the American education? First of all the future of America basically lies in the American educations hands. In the 1970’s only one quarter of jobs required more than a high school education. Yet, two out of three jobs require at least a post-scenario education. This means that without a great education system the unemployment rate will drop, which we already are seeing in age group of 18-31 year old. There are numerous factors that will have to be taken care of, to ensuring a safe and sound future in America. â€Å"I’m here today because I want you to know that my story can be your story† says Michelle Obama at Bell Multicultural High School in Washington. â€Å"The details might be a little different, but so many of the challenges and triumphs will be just the same.† Michelle is so to speak helping, or at least trying to help the American education, and she is starting a new initiative for whom, whose families has a low income and  pursue a college degree, and therefore this initiative seek to increase the number. But the issue cannot be fixed by a small initiative, something has to be done, which JPMorgan Chase and other corporations and philanthropic funders are proud in the Aspen Institute’s Opportunity Youth Incentive Fund, which is a funding collaboration that addresses the workforce skills gap in 21 communities around the country by enlisting the collective expertise of a disparate group of numerous partners including the earlier mentioned. This is an opportunity to help the students complete the education they want and not end up somewhere their skills are not acquired. Even though this collaboration is a great idea, and at most definitely will help the American students to find out what they’re best at and furthermore find and maintain stable employment, this will not at once fix the educational problem in America. â€Å"These are big, complex challenges. And I believe that our elected leaders, business leaders and community leaders need to remain focused on making sure our young people are prepared to help America continue to lead in a complex global economy.† Along with this, the American schools are failing, because they are suppressing children by forcing them into a compliance-based model of education. As said, all children are natural learners and we’re born with curiosity, creativity, wonder, and intrinsic motivation. American schools are failing, because they are suppressing children by fo rcing them into a compliance-based model of education. All children are natural learners. We’re born with curiosity, creativity, wonder, and intrinsic motivation. Research shows that with more years of formal schooling, those very qualities are stunted tremendously. Moreover, schools resemble prisons to a lot of the children, where they feel cut from society and the social media is banned. If we’re looking at the government, reform movements in education tend to focus on a â€Å"one-size fits it all† approach in attempting to solve educational inequity issues. While universalizing core standards and curriculum does carry some utility in leveling the playing field, it is important to keep in mind that it is not the magic silver bullet that will remedy achievement gaps alone. To accompany this movement, certain factors must be met.2 Support for underachieving students and their teachers Professional development promoting differentiated instruction for diverse  groups of learners, and efforts towards building learning communities for teachers, school leaders, and administrators to encourage teamwork and shared responsibility A school system should be a community of teachers, school leaders and the administration who share a goal of supporting and encouraging each and every one of its students. For this system to work, components of a â€Å"dream community† need to be as a prerequisite. It will work with all the members of the community contributing and caring about the development of the youth. The dream scenario would be where the teachers would care so much about their students, to help their future. But this is just a dream scenario and can only be fixed by the school and the teachers themselves. Another way to fix the issue is to let congresses like No Child Left Behind3 allow for the abolition of Race to the top4. A council of education stakeholders should be arranged to craft national guidelines of the basics for what children should know for this day and age. Furthermore schools should adopt learner-centered policies where children take full agency over their learning-experiences. Then have a curriculum that is anti-disciplinary and aimed at real world problems. Not to forget the topic, the results of these aforementioned scenarios are positive, but have different modes of operation. The dream school example will affect the economy by raising the graduation rate tremendously positive, and there will be a high number of high-educated students who are ready to find employment. But there will be factors against this scenario too, which includes the low-end required jobs not being chosen as first priority, due to its lower educational requirements which, for some people is no t â€Å"prestigious† enough, will have an increasingly unemployment rate. The second way to fix the education is a very appealing and strong scenario, and I believe that it could help the future education, especially when the children have something to say themselves, where they can contribute to a greater total thing, where the teachers can learn from the students too. Guidelines for the children are also very important, because America as society and country is become a rather hard and competitive place to live, if you are to find employment. At last we can conclude that there are a lot of different ways to fix the problem, but none of them can alone change and save the issue. I find the suggestions I gave competitive and rather complex, although they will not entirely fix the issue.

At the root of the Cold War was the German Question Essays

At the root of the Cold War was the German Question Essays At the root of the Cold War was the German Question Essay At the root of the Cold War was the German Question Essay Many historians agree that the Cold War was magnetized towards Germany, and thus the German Question was at the root of the War. However, others regard the fact that because the Cold War expanded over such vast frontiers for such a long period Of time meant that the roots Of the war lay somewhere much deeper and complex than the issues in Germany. Their ideological differences meant the two superpowers could not comprehend the idea of cooperation after 1 945, causing them to compete for domination across the lobe and space in order for their ideology to be exported around the world. It was their insistence in maintaining the balance of power which would fuel the Cold War and cause the Allies to turn against one another in deciding how to deal with Germany at the post-war peace conferences. Who has Germany, has Europe, Lenin allegedly claimed. Into the gap that Hitters defeated fascist regime had left stepped the two candidates most able in exercising a predominant economic and political influence over their former enemy; America and the USSR. During the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences in 1 945 the Big Three concurred on a number of principles and practical steps regarding the post-war direction of Germany. The Allies main intention was to prevent Germany ever becoming a threat to European peace and security, in order to achieve this they composed a programmer consisting of four fundamental aims; identification, demonstration, decertification and decentralization. They also agreed on the division of Germany and Berlin into four separate occupation zones. However, the rest of the Peace Talks did not unfold in such a smooth manner; it was these talks over how to deal with Germany which highlighted the profound disparity between the USSR and America. The war aims of the two superpowers in relation to Germany diverged fundamentally from one another; America sought reconstruction of its former trading partner into a prosperous democracy ready for business again, conversely the USSR sought rich compensation to match the disproportionate loses it had faced during the war; in this way Germany would be weakened and could therefore act as a buffer zone rather than as a potential threat of invasion. Disagreement gave way to mutual antagonism as the former allies took practical steps to realize their vision for Germany. By 1946 tensions between the various occupying countries were mounting; it was clear to the USSR that reparations were not to be delivered from the western zones. During the spring of 1946 British and American concern over Soviet practices in East Germany were aroused when the East German Communist and Social Democratic parties were merged and their authority was seized by the newly formed Socialist Unity Party. Suspicions were not to end there; in the autumn of 1946 Stalin was alarmed by the discovery of Anglo-American discussions over the practicalities of fusing their zones into a Bygone. The coalition of Anglo-American zones acted as a catalyst towards the formal division of Germany two years later. Relations continued to dampen during 1947 when West Germany was offered Marshall Plan aid, and in 1 948 when all three western zones instituted a currency reform. In response the Stalin cut off rail and road links to West Berlin. The western powers realized the importance of keeping control of Berlin. Thus, in response the West initiated a massive airlift of supplies to Berlin so that the Soviets couldnt starve West Berlin into surrender. When Stalin abandoned the blockade in May 1949 the result Was a deepening of the East-West divide, and the eventual creation of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. As Stalins Iron Curtain became permanent the Cold War became more confrontational and the rival superpowers embarked on an arms race. In 1949, in attempt to resist the USSR the Allies set up an intergovernmental military alliance, NATO, which would act as a system of collective defense against any external party. Six years later Khrushchev would set up a similar organization for eight Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe, the Warsaw pact. All of a sudden the war had become much colder as the former allies faced one another with large scale, military alliances for which Germany was expected to provide a likely battleground. As time progressed the differences between East and West Germany become increasingly apparent; unlike the democratic West, the GIRD was monopolized by the Soviet-backed Communist party, the Socialist unity Party of Germany. In June 1953 the uprising of East Germany was violently suppressed by the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and Politicized. Matters in East Germany continued to deteriorate, and the problem of emigration from East to West became increasingly severe, entering the Easts economic growth even further. In an extreme attempt to rectify East Berlins diminishing population, Khrushchev prevented people from leaving by fortifying Western borders with the Berlin Wall in August 1961. The Berlin Wall was the symbol which characterized the East-West division; an ominous manifestation of an ideological divide in the form of bricks, mortar and barbed wire. The wall not only divided Berlin. Over the following years, it became a symbol of division the division Of Germany, the division of Europe, the division of communist East and democratic West. The Communists presented the wall as being a protective shell. The West presented it as a prison wall. Many perceived the temporary division that the wall created as a permanent division. As a result it tackled the issue of East Germanys declining population, and subsequently st abilized the Cold War in Germany. Although Germany still remained very tense and sensitive, Khrushchev describing it as the testicles of the West, it was a managed tension which allowed for increasing contact and trade. As focused switched from Germany to elsewhere in the world, a Berliner in 1961 may have viewed vents from then onwards in Germany with mild surprise. In just four years after the surrender of Germany to the Grand Alliance the allies had turned against one another, polarities Europe into an East-West divide which would remain at the centre of the Cold War until the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989. From a European perspective Germany would have appeared very much at the centre of the Cold War tensions; symbolically it was where the Cold War both started and ended with the tense Potsdam Conference in 1 945 and then the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. To those expecting superpower infiltration, Germany seemed like the ideal battleground. However, looking at the Cold War on an international scale it is evident that there Were roots elsewhere. Despite the continued East-West tension in Berlin, the second half of the Cold War was relatively peaceful in Germany compared to the rest of the world where the Cold War ravaged the homes and lives of non- Europeans. But what was it that spurred the Cold War on for so many years and when did it actually start? Many historians trace the origins of the Cold War back to when the Grand Alliance fell apart at the end of the Second World War. In some respects, both superpowers were very similar to one another; they both entered the war due to surprise attack, and had each been born in revolution. Both states also advanced across vast frontiers and were the first and third largest countries in the world. Finally, both superpowers embraced ideologies with global aspirations and had leaders who believed their ideology was superior and should be exported and who perceived the other as an expansionist security threat. However, this is as far as their commonalities stretched. Lenin had overthrown the Provisional Government in the October Revolution. The USSR became an authoritarian society; its highly centralized command economy, single-party regime stood for everything Americas democratic government did not. Later, in March 1947, Truman announced his Truman Doctrine which depicted a frightening world in which the US faced the evil communist ideology, and stated that America was obliged to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Truman believed that totalitarian regimes, such as the Soviet unions, coerced the free peoples within, and that by doing so international ace and the security of the United States was threatened. The disparity between the two nations ultimately meant that under natural circumstances they were better suited as rivals rather than allies. Their incompatible systems meant that the victors would either have to cease being who they were or give up much of what theyd hoped to attain by fighting the war. What the superpowers were aiming to attain was superficially very similar; their post-war objectives were both based around obtaining security. Stalin believed security for himself, his regime, his country and his ideology were he four most essential objectives. He was well aware that in order to obtain security in this form he would need continued Anglo-American goodwill. However, he was also acutely aware of the self-destructive cycles of boom and bust that Marxist theory said that capitalism seemed to move in. Stalin believed another capitalist crisis was about to arise, in which case the capitalists would then rely on the communists. Stalins grand vision therefore was to restore the balance of power in Europe in such a way that most benefited himself. Similarly, Americas key objective was obtaining security. In order to serve as a model for the rest of the world to prevent future wars and keep peace, the US could no longer remain apart from it; it would therefore have to abandon its policy Of isolationism. This was a fundamental turning point in IIS foreign policy, and it would soon have its effect on the Cold War, as it meant that presidents no longer were restricted on how far and when they could commit the IIS overseas. Relations within the Grand Alliance were already tense in to October 1944 when Churchill agreed that the USSR would have predominant influence in the European countries it had occupied during the war. Roosevelt, angry that he had not been consulted on the Stalin-Churchill deal, protested against it. Matters worsened when Stalin insisted on taking a third of Pollards territory and imposed a pro-Soviet government there, against plans for a government of national unity made at Yalta. Britain and America were becoming increasingly wary of Stalin. Two weeks before his death, Roosevelt described Stalin as having broken every one of the promises he made at Yalta. The flaws within the Grand Alliance had proved too much once the war was over. It had been an alliance based on negative cohesion in order to defeat moon enemies. Each of its members used the Alliance as an instrument to position themselves for maximum influence in the post war world and to ensure that the balance of power wasnt tipped out of their favor. Had their ideologies been less adversarial then perhaps the alliance may not have fragmented and turned against one another in the way that it did. However, communism and capitalism were such polar opposites on the political spectrum that the probability of the allies continuing to cooperate in post-war conditions was very unlikely.

Too Much Homework Pros Cons of Having Many Assignments to Do

Too Much Homework Pros Cons of Having Many Assignments to Do In 2014, Stanford University showed the pitfalls of too much homework. Students name several reasons why they feel overloaded: regular stressful situations, lack of time, and worsening relationships with their family members. The question is how much homework is too much? PLEASE HELP WITH MY HOMEWORK Education Scholar Denis Pope says the following: â€Å"Students in high-achieving social groups who spend too much time on homework face regular stressful situations, problems with physical/mental, life imbalance, and issues with communication.† How does too much homework affect students? Thanks to the research conducted by Stanford University, it was found that spending more than 2 hours on learning after school has a negative impact on student’s health. Do you wish to work less on your assignments? Are you here to increase your current grades? Contact professional online homework writing services to gain extra time to spend at home with your family friends! How Much Homework Is Too Much? The famous song has these lines: â€Å"Too much is never enough!† It is true when it comes to learning, traveling, reading, observing the world around, and developing. An overloaded learning or work schedule is not a sober phenomenon. Spending less time on activities aimed to relax our body and give our mind a good rest is not a healthy option, and not many teachers understand the dogma. Think about how much time you are spending on your homework assignments after you return home. Is it half an hour, an hour, or a couple of hours? According to the research conducted by a Stanford researcher/educational scholar Denis Pope, it is not okay if the amount of your homework exceeds two hours in a time equivalent. Extra requirements like formatting (e.g., APA writing style) are part of the final grade. It is a mistake not to count a lengthy requirement as a separate task. Parents worry their children are not spending a sufficient amount of time completing their home duties. Together with numerous assignments, each day of an average American schoolboy/schoolgirl is followed by different activities: Sports clubs Fan clubs Leisure with friends Partying Two categories of parents exist regarding their opinions on the school homework assignments: parents who support the idea of many assignments and those who believe the amount of homework should be limited. The second type of parents supports the idea of ordering custom papers online: if you say, â€Å"I have too much homework,† get affordable help on the web! We try to answer how much homework is too much in high school after hearing the comments from parents, students, and teachers. Students’ Parents Share What They Think about Modern Homework Assignments One caring parent shared their family story about a school-aged daughter: â€Å"My daughter, Paula, has joined her third grade. She complained of the tremendous amount of homework assignments: in summer, her schoolteachers forced the students to waste six days each week on accomplishing different homework tasks. Her least favorite job is writing. It appeared her school Language Literature teachers do not provide students with the sufficient amount of knowledge and writing skills (e.g., different writing styles). I decided to debate against the amount of useless homework assignments in the United States together with our family of friends whose son’s school schedule was more overloaded than his part-time job schedule (he is in the final grade, working as a waiter). Our family wants more time with our kids! There are many activities to do: fishing, swimming, traveling, playing table games, shopping, practicing music, and other exciting things to do. Why should our daughter dedicate all her free time to school homework?† You see? One of the California high school teachers suggested that students should be spending more time with their families. She is ready to cancel homework assignments for the entire learning period, but every family must meet a single condition: involve specific activities to correlate with student success. It is not easy to study in a home atmosphere. If the family knows how to combine fun learning night activities, the result will be great! Children memorize better by visualizing things, so it is important to choose associative learning methods: e-Learning (choose your career wisely) Table games Educational movies Special student mobile applications When children read with their family members, write descriptions to their favorite cartoons, play outside, and go to bed early, there is no need to waste time on doing homework assignments. ORDER HOMEWORK NOW Know How Much Homework Is OK We found that ordinary family activities could be more effective when accompanied by the modern learning tools. The worst thing some schools have done is limiting summer holidays. Several high school teachers from Phoenix think children forget half of the studied material during the summer break. In addition to shortening the vacation, such schools increase the workload by assigning more homework. Let’s come back to the research conducted by Denis Pope who is a co-author of the â€Å"Journal of Experimental Education,† where the study on school homework was published. The teachers and journalists analyzed three criteria to find the pros cons of spending time on school homework assignments: Perceptions about homework assignments Student well-being Behavioral/student engagement Learn how to survive your first college year in this article! The researchers worked day night to collect information on ten high schools in California communities with the best academic performance; they selected a sample of 4,317 students to analyze. To support the numbers, Pope initiated an open-ended set of answers. Both students and their family members took part in the survey aimed to discover the value of homework assignments. The homework-related survey showed the following: An average household income exceeded $90,00 in the communities these children came from, and 93% of the kids went on to college, either 2-tear or 4-year. Students spending time in these high schools average approximately 3.1 hours of homework every night at home. This amount of homework assignments is not healthy, and every second family agrees with it. See, the time has come when it is not about earning the highest grades; the time has come for the parents and other family members to take care of their children’s health through debating the unfair amount of school homework. What is the Most Effective Solution to the Great Amount of Homework Assignments? Benjamin Franklin used to say, â€Å"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.† Everybody knows it is true, but it does not mean spending the entire human life on learning is healthy. We recommend spending no more than two hours of your nighttime on the homework assignments. Kids should see the world around! There are many activities waiting for you; choose homework assignments you can handle, and which you believe would provide a necessary experience for your future career. What should students do with the rest of their homework? Forget about the homework nightmares – see how professional academic writers editors can solve your tasks after ordering a high-quality custom essay online!

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

English - Essay Example In football, the players use their hands throughout the game except the first kick. On the other hand, the match is also regulated by different timings. For soccer, each tournament is composed of two halves each lasting 45 minutes usually with a 15 minute break in between. Football is composed of four quarters each lasting 15 minutes each. The elements of the game also vary in these two games. Soccer requires player to wear shirt, sock, stockings, footwear, and shin guards. Football players are wears more necessary protection which is composed of three protections: head protection for the upper body; leg protection for the lower appendage; and body protection for the arms and middle body. However, the most common distinction is the type ball which is used. In soccer, the ball is round and made of synthetic leather with 22 inch diameter. On the other hand, the ball in football is pointed oval shaped made up of four pieces of leather stitched together. These differentiating factors mentioned above set the games apart from each other. The style of the game, its elements, and the type of balls utilized each contribute to their uniqueness. However, it is irrefutable are both world’s favorites as they are equally distinct and

Explain the position of Dualism and physicalism Essay

Explain the position of Dualism and physicalism - Essay Example This philosophical thought has been applied for instance in the mind-body relation to claim that a human being is a physical system with the central nervous system and brain without a mind or soul (Crumley 5). For instance, physicalists postulate that the mind or soul is not an immaterial substance but occurs in physical form that is consisted of cells at one level which can be broken down further into atoms at their smallest level. This makes the mind and the brain to be same substance in an outlay where the mind is a consequence of neural connections. This positioning of the mind and the brain based on the assumptions make in physicalism means that damage to the brain translates to the same damage in the mind. This is true for example in the case of the brain which contains multiple elongated cells referred to as neurons whose function is to carry specific impulses. Contacts between neurons take place through points of contact named synapses. A specific neuron in the human nervous system is the C-fibers whose function is to supply the skin with nerves and transmit pain impulses. According to Physicalist, when a person experiences an occasion of pain or occurrence of a thought these are believed to be physical events related to C-fibers transmitting or certain electrical and chemical events taking place in the brain and central nervous system (Crumley 64). Apart from the assumption that the mind and brain are the same, another condition of physicalism is based on the belief that the physical world is causally closed. The thesis of causal closure fundamentally argues that any physical event must equally have a physical cause. This assumption by the Physicalists means that for every occurrence in world, there must be an explanation on the basis of causal interactions occurring at the physical level. Therefore, this worldview is

Role of Elders in the Asian Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Elders in the Asian Culture - Essay Example Families, communities, societies, and nations have been promoted by the elderly people during their lives. More importantly, children are educated, cared, and nurtured by the parents and elders in the Asian culture. Therefore, parents deserve comfort, love, and respect throughout their lives from their youngsters and children. In other words, caring and respecting elders and parents is the moral and ethical obligation of children in the Asian region. In this regard, it is the responsibility of elders to take care of their youngsters, love them, and keep guiding them throughout their lives. On the other hand, American or British culture allows the individuals to start making their own decisions in their adolescent age, which is very contrary with the norms and values of the Asian culture. For instance, teachers are often allowed to be strict with the young students in Asian schools, or elders often treat youngsters in a harsh way, which is very different, as compared with the American culture. (Blackkaby, 1998) In brief, role that is played by old people is affected significantly by the cultural differences, as role and respect changes to a higher extent in different cultures. (Huntington, 2000) In East-Asian culture, a notable tradition is specifically practiced in this region, which is referred as filial piety. China, Japan, and Korea are some of the cultures that have the dominated practice of such practice. Care for the elderly is the most imperative and foremost obligation of this tradition. (Lee, 2004) Moreover, elderly people in these cultures play a guiding role to nurture their youngsters in an emotional, as well as, spiritual manner. In the Asian context, parents and elders must provide shelter, care, and assistance to the youngsters in emotional, as well as, financial manner, which is once again, contrary to the Western culture, which obligates